lepA:On One Page

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Quickview   Gene   Gene Product(s)   Expression   Evolution   On One Page    
Quickview | Gene | Product(s) | Expression| Evolution | References |

Quickview

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Standard Name

lepA

Gene Synonym(s)

ECK2567, b2569, JW2553[1], JW2553

Product Desc.

GTP-binding membrane protein[2]; elongation factor 4[3]

Back-translocating Elongation Factor EF4, GTPase; required for efficient and accurate protein synthesis[4]

Product Synonyms(s)

GTP-binding membrane protein[1], B2569[2][1], LepA[2][1], EF4[3][1] , ECK2567, JW2553, b2569

Function from GO

<GO_nr />

Knock-Out Phenotype
Regulation/Expression

transcription unit(s): lepAB[2]

Regulation/Activity
Quick Links

porteco.png EcoCyc.gif regulondb.jpg

dnadisplay.png proteindisplay.png   pubmed.jpg   textpresso.jpg  

</protect> See Help:Quickview for help with entering information in the Quickview table. <protect></protect>

Notes

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Although EF4 improves translational accuracy, it can not reverse paromomycin-induced errors (Qin, 2006). EF4 is a widely conserved protein, the first four domains are related to EF-G domains I, II, III, and V (Qin, 2006). EF4 overexpression is toxic (Qin 2006). EF4 (LepA) is in the lepAB operon but has no known role in signal peptidase I (LepB) activity.[4]



Gene

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Nomenclature

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See Help:Gene_nomenclature for help with entering information in the Gene Nomenclature table.

Standard name

lepA

Mnemonic

Leader peptidase

Synonyms

ECK2567, b2569, JW2553[1], JW2553

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Notes

Location(s) and DNA Sequence

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<protect> See Help:Gene_location for help entering information in the Gene Location and DNA sequence table.

Strain Map location Genome coordinates Genome browsers Sequence links

MG1655

58.27 minutes 

MG1655: 2705146..2703347
<gbrowseImage> name=NC_000913:2703347..2705146 source=MG1655 preset=GeneLocation </gbrowseImage>

REL606

NC_012967: 2628617..2626818
<gbrowseImage> name=NC_012967:2626818..2628617 source=REL606 preset=GeneLocation </gbrowseImage>

BW2952

NC_012759: 2589152..2590951
<gbrowseImage> name=NC_012759:2589152..2590951 source=BW2952 preset=GeneLocation </gbrowseImage>

W3110

 

W3110: 2705780..2703981
<gbrowseImage> name=NC_007779:2703981..2705780 source=W3110 preset=GeneLocation </gbrowseImage>

DH10B

DH10B: 2796911..2795112
<gbrowseImage> name=NC_010473:2795112..2796911 source=DH10B preset=GeneLocation </gbrowseImage>

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Notes

Sequence Features

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See Help:Gene_sequence_features for help in entering sequence features in EcoliWiki.

Feature Type Strain Genomic Location Evidence Reference Notes

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Notes

Alleles and Phenotypes

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See Help:Gene_alleles for how to enter or edit alleles and phenotypes in EcoliWiki.

Allele Nt change(s) AA change(s) Phenotype: Type Phenotype: Description Reference Availability Comments

ΔlepA (Keio:JW2553)

deletion

deletion

PMID:16738554

Shigen
CGSC10029[5]

lepA::Tn5KAN-I-SceI (FB20855)

Insertion at nt 1480 in Plus orientation

PMID:15262929

E. coli Genome Project:FB20855

does not contain pKD46

lepA::Tn5KAN-I-SceI (FB20856)

Insertion at nt 1480 in Plus orientation

PMID:15262929

E. coli Genome Project:FB20856

contains pKD46

ΔlepA738::kan

PMID:16738554

CGSC:101646


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Notes

Genetic Interactions

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<protect>

Interactor Interaction Allele Score(s) Reference(s) Accessions Notes

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Notes

Genetic Resources

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See Help:Gene_resources for help entering information into the Genetic Resources table.

Resource Resource Type Source Notes/Reference

JW2553

Plasmid clone

Shigen

PMID:16769691

Status:Clone OK

Primer 1:GCCAAGAATATACGTAACTTTTC

Primer 2:CCTTTGTTGTCTTTGCCGACGTG

7G4

Kohara Phage

Genobase

PMID:3038334

4A12

Kohara Phage

Genobase

PMID:3038334

zfh-208::Tn10

Linked marker

CAG18481 = CGSC7417[5]

est. P1 cotransduction: 18% [6]
Synonyms:zff-208::Tn10

nadB51::Tn10

Linked marker

CAG18480 = CGSC7419[5]

est. P1 cotransduction: 81% [6]

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Notes

Accessions in Other Databases

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See Help:Gene_accessions for help with entering information into the Gene Accessions table.

Database Accession Notes

EcoCyc

EcoCyc:EG10529

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

EcoGene

EcoGene:EG10529

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

RegulonDB

RegulonDB:ECK120000522

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

NCBI (EcoliWiki Page)

GeneID:947051

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

EchoBASE

EchoBASE:EB0524

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

ASAP

ASAP:ABE-0008452

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

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Notes

Links

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Product(s)

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Nomenclature

See Help:Product_nomenclature for help entering or editing information in this section of EcoliWiki.

Standard name

LepA

Synonyms

GTP-binding membrane protein[1], B2569[2][1], LepA[2][1], EF4[3][1] , ECK2567, JW2553, b2569

Product description

GTP-binding membrane protein[2]; elongation factor 4[3]

Back-translocating Elongation Factor EF4, GTPase; required for efficient and accurate protein synthesis[4]

EC number (for enzymes)


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Notes

Function

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<protect> Gene Ontology
See Help:Gene_ontology for help entering or editing GO terms and GO annotations in EcoliWiki.

Qualifier GO ID GO term name Reference Evidence Code with/from Aspect Notes Status

GO:0000166

nucleotide binding

GOA:spkw
SP_KW:GO_REF:0000004

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

SP_KW:KW-0547

F

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0003924

GTPase activity

GOA:interpro
GO_REF:0000002

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

InterPro:IPR000795

F

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0005525

GTP binding

GOA:hamap
GO_REF:0000020

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

HAMAP:MF_00071

F

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0005525

GTP binding

GOA:interpro
GO_REF:0000002

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

InterPro:IPR000640

F

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0005525

GTP binding

GOA:interpro
GO_REF:0000002

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

InterPro:IPR000795

F

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0005525

GTP binding

GOA:interpro
GO_REF:0000002

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

InterPro:IPR004161

F

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0005525

GTP binding

GOA:interpro
GO_REF:0000002

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

InterPro:IPR005225

F

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0005525

GTP binding

GOA:interpro
GO_REF:0000002

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

InterPro:IPR006297

F

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0005525

GTP binding

GOA:spkw
SP_KW:GO_REF:0000004

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

SP_KW:KW-0342

F

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0005886

plasma membrane

GOA:spkw
SP_KW:GO_REF:0000004

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

SP_KW:KW-1003

C

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0005886

plasma membrane

GO_REF:0000023

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

SP_SL:SL-0039

C

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0016020

membrane

GOA:spkw
SP_KW:GO_REF:0000004

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

SP_KW:KW-0472

C

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0042597

periplasmic space

GOA:spkw
SP_KW:GO_REF:0000004

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

SP_KW:KW-0574

C

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

GO:0042597

periplasmic space

GO_REF:0000023

IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation

SP_SL:SL-0200

C

Seeded from EcoCyc (v14.0)

complete

Interactions See Help:Product_interactions for help entering or editing information about gene product interactions in this section of EcoliWiki.

Partner Type Partner Notes References Evidence

Protein

argA

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

macA

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

zntB

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

hyfE

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

recE

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

rplD

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

rplI

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

rplM

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

rplV

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

rplX

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

rpsB

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

rpsE

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

rpsF

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

rpsG

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

rpsJ

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

puuP

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

yeiN

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

yidX

PMID:15690043

Experiment(s):EBI-893163

Protein

hyfE

PMID:19402753

LCMS(ID Probability):99.0

Protein

macA

PMID:19402753

LCMS(ID Probability):99.0

Protein

recE

PMID:19402753

LCMS(ID Probability):99.0

Protein

puuP

PMID:19402753

LCMS(ID Probability):99.0

Protein

yidX

PMID:19402753

LCMS(ID Probability):99.0

Protein

psuG

PMID:19402753

LCMS(ID Probability):99.0

Protein

argA

PMID:19402753

LCMS(ID Probability):99.0

Protein

ydaN

PMID:19402753

LCMS(ID Probability):99.0

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Notes

Localization

See Help:Product_localization for how to add or edit information in this section of EcoliWiki.

Compartment Description Evidence Reference/Source Notes

plasma membrane


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Notes

Structure and Physical Properties

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<protect> Physical Properties See Help:Product_physical_properties for help entering or editing information about the physical properties of this gene product.

Name
Sequence

at EcoCyc

MKNIRNFSII AHIDHGKSTL SDRIIQICGG LSDREMEAQV LDSMDLERER GITIKAQSVT
LDYKASDGET YQLNFIDTPG HVDFSYEVSR SLAACEGALL VVDAGQGVEA QTLANCYTAM
EMDLEVVPVL NKIDLPAADP ERVAEEIEDI VGIDATDAVR CSAKTGVGVQ DVLERLVRDI
PPPEGDPEGP LQALIIDSWF DNYLGVVSLI RIKNGTLRKG DKVKVMSTGQ TYNADRLGIF
TPKQVDRTEL KCGEVGWLVC AIKDIHGAPV GDTLTLARNP AEKALPGFKK VKPQVYAGLF
PVSSDDYEAF RDALGKLSLN DASLFYEPES SSALGFGFRC GFLGLLHMEI IQERLEREYD
LDLITTAPTV VYEVETTSRE VIYVDSPSKL PAVNNIYELR EPIAECHMLL PQAYLGNVIT
LCVEKRGVQT NMVYHGNQVA LTYEIPMAEV VLDFFDRLKS TSRGYASLDY NFKRFQASDM
VRVDVLINGE RVDALALITH RDNSQNRGRE LVEKMKDLIP RQQFDIAIQA AIGTHIIARS
TVKQLRKNVL AKCYGGDISR KKKLLQKQKE GKKRMKQIGN VELPQEAFLA ILHVGKDNK
Length

599

Mol. Wt

66.571 kDa

pI

5.4 (calculated)

Extinction coefficient

39,310 - 40,560 (calc based on 19 Y, 2 W, and 10 C residues)


Domains/Motifs/Modification Sites

See Help:Product_domains_motifs for help entering or editing information in this section of EcoliWiki.

Type Residues Description Notes References

Domain

398..486

PF00679 Elongation factor G C-terminus

PMID:19920124

Domain

2..182

PF00009 Elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain

PMID:19920124

Domain

205..275

PF03144 Elongation factor Tu domain 2

PMID:19920124

Domain

487..595

PF06421 GTP-binding protein LepA C-terminus

PMID:19920124

<motif_map/>

Structure
See Help:Product_structure for help entering or editing information in this section of EcoliWiki.

Structures

<beststructure> gene=lepA taxon=562,83333 </beststructure>

Models

View models at:

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Structure figures

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Notes

Gene Product Resources

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See Help:Product_resources for help with entering or editing information in this section of EcoliWiki.

Resource type Source Notes/Reference

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Notes

Accessions in Other Databases

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See Help:Gene_accessions for help with entering information into the Gene Accessions table.

Database Accession Notes

NCBI (Protein) (EcoliWiki Page)

GI:16130494

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

NCBI (Protein) (EcoliWiki Page)

GeneID:947051

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

ASAP

ASAP:ABE-0008452

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

UniProt (EcoliWiki Page)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P60785

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

EcoCyc

EcoCyc:EG10529

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

EcoGene

EcoGene:EG10529

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

NCBI (Gene) (EcoliWiki Page)

GeneID:947051

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

RegulonDB

RegulonDB:ECK120000522

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

EchoBASE

EchoBASE:EB0524

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

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Notes

Links

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Expression

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Overview

This is a placeholder for a summary statement on how expression of this gene product is regulated. You can help EcoliWiki by becoming a user and writing/editing this statement.


Cellular Levels

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See Help:Cellular levels

Molecule Organism or Strain Value Units Experimental Conditions Assay used Notes Reference(s)

Protein

E. coli K-12 MC4100

7.53E+02

molecules/cell

  • Medium: median data from rich and minimal media
  • Temperature (°C): 37
  • Doubling time (min): Growth Rate(min):
  • Growth phase: other:

emPAI

PMID:18304323

Protein

Ecoli K-12

64.087+/-0.342

Molecules/cell

  • Medium:
  • Temperature (°C):
  • Doubling time (min): Growth Rate(min): *
  • Growth phase: other: *

Single Molecule Fluorescence

PMID:20671182

mRNA

Ecoli K-12

0.094774875

Molecules/cell

  • Medium:
  • Temperature (°C):
  • Doubling time (min): Growth Rate(min): *
  • Growth phase: other: *

by RNA_Seq

PMID:20671182

Protein

E. coli K-12 MG1655

5939

molecules/cell/generation

  • Medium: MOPS Complete
  • Temperature (°C): 37
  • Doubling time (min):
  • *Growth phase:
  • OD:
  • other:

Ribosome Profiling

PMID: 24766808

Protein

E. coli K-12 MG1655

987

molecules/cell/generation

  • Medium: MOPS Minimal
  • Temperature (°C): 37
  • Doubling time (min):
  • *Growth phase:
  • OD:
  • other:

Ribosome Profiling

PMID: 24766808

Protein

E. coli K-12 MG1655

2831

molecules/cell/generation

  • Medium: MOPS Complete without Methionine
  • Temperature (°C): 37
  • Doubling time (min):
  • *Growth phase:
  • OD:
  • other:

Ribosome Profiling

PMID: 24766808

Notes

Transcription and Transcriptional Regulation

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<protect>

See Help:Expression_transcription for help entering or editing information in this section of EcoliWiki.

Transcription unit(s)

lepAB

Figure courtesy of RegulonDB

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Notes

This is a placeholder for a summary statement about how transcription of this gene is regulated. You can help EcoliWiki by becoming a user and writing/editing this statement.

Translation and Regulation of Translation

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<protect><gbrowseImage> name=NC_000913:2705126..2705166 source=MG1655 flip=1 type=Gene+DNA_+Protein preset=Nterminus </gbrowseImage> This picture shows the sequence around the N-terminus.

</protect>

Notes

This is a placeholder for a summary statement about how translation of this gene product is regulated. You can help EcoliWiki by becoming a user and writing/editing this statement.

Turnover and Regulation of Turnover

</protect>

Notes

This is a placeholder for a summary statement about turnover of this gene product. You can help EcoliWiki by becoming a user and writing/editing this statement.

Experimental

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<protect> Mutations Affecting Expression See Help:Expression_mutations for help entering or editing information in this section of EcoliWiki.

Allele Name Mutation Phenotype Reference


Expression Studies See Help:Expression_studies for help entering or editing information in this section of EcoliWiki.

Type Reference Notes

microarray

GEO Profiles:b2569 (EcoliWiki Page)

NCBI GEO profiles for lepA

microarray

GenExpDB:b2569 (EcoliWiki Page)

Summary of data for lepA from multiple microarray studies


Expression Resources See Help:Expression_resources for help entering or editing information in this section of EcoliWiki.

Resource Name Resource Type Description Source Notes

GFP Fusion

Intergenic region (2705075..2705369) fused to gfpmut2.

OpenBioSystems

GFP fusion described in Zaslaver, et al.
Plate:109-AZ09; Well:A5[7]

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Notes

Accessions Related to lepA Expression

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See Help:Gene_accessions for help with entering information into the Gene Accessions table.

Database Accession Notes

EcoCyc

EcoCyc:EG10529

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

EchoBASE

EchoBASE:EB0524

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

EcoliGenExpDB (EcoliWiki Page)

EcoliGenExpDB:b2569

EcoGene

EcoGene:EG10529

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

RegulonDB

RegulonDB:ECK120000522

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

ASAP

ASAP:ABE-0008452

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

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Notes

Links

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Evolution

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Homologs in Other Organisms

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See Help:Evolution_homologs for help entering or editing information in this section of EcoliWiki.

Organism Homologs (Statistics) Comments

Anopheles gambiae

  • ENSANGP00000022343 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Apis mellifera

  • ENSAPMP00000031242 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 88%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Arabidopsis thaliana

  • AT5G08650 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 95%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Bos taurus

  • ENSBTAP00000000356 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Caenorhabditis briggsae

  • WBGene00037611 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Caenorhabditis elegans

  • WBGene00022862 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Canis familiaris

  • ENSCAFP00000002723 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Ciona intestinalis

  • ENSCINP00000006440 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Dictyostelium discoideum

  • DDB0184025 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Drosophila melanogaster

  • FBgn0024182 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Gallus gallus

  • ENSGALP00000022947 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Homo sapiens

  • ENSP00000281543 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Macaca mulatta

  • ENSMMUP00000012146 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Monodelphis domestica

  • ENSMODP00000025755 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Mus musculus

  • MGI:2140726 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Oryza gramene

  • Q6ET52 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 98%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Pan troglodytes

  • ENSPTRP00000027570 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Rattus norvegicus

  • ENSRNOP00000003017 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

  • YLR289W (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

  • SPAC1B34c (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Takifugu rubripes

  • NEWSINFRUP00000147119 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 100%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Tetraodon nigroviridis

  • GSTENP00003395001 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 99%)
  • GSTENP00007053001 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 99%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Xenopus tropicalis

  • ENSXETP00000018465 (score: 1.000; bootstrap: 99%)

From Inparanoid:20070104

Shigella flexneri

LEPA

From SHIGELLACYC

E. coli O157

LEPA

From ECOO157CYC


Do-It-Yourself Web Tools

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Notes

Families

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See Help:Gene_accessions for help with entering information into the Gene Accessions table.

Database Accession Notes

Pfam (EcoliWiki Page)

PF03144 Elongation factor Tu domain 2

Pfam (EcoliWiki Page)

PF00009 Elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain

Pfam (EcoliWiki Page)

PF00679 Elongation factor G C-terminus

Panther (EcoliWiki Page)

PTHR23115:SF40

Superfamily (EcoliWiki Page)

SUPERFAMILY:52540

Superfamily (EcoliWiki Page)

SUPERFAMILY:54980

Superfamily (EcoliWiki Page)

SUPERFAMILY:54980

Pfam (EcoliWiki Page)

PF06421 GTP-binding protein LepA C-terminus

EcoCyc

EcoCyc:EG10529

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

EcoGene

EcoGene:EG10529

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

RegulonDB

RegulonDB:ECK120000522

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

EchoBASE

EchoBASE:EB0524

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

ASAP

ASAP:ABE-0008452

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

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Notes

Links

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References

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See Help:References for how to manage references in EcoliWiki.

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Riley, M. et al. (2006) Nucleic Acids Res 34:1-6 (corrected supplemental data from B. Wanner)
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 EcoCyc (release 10.6; 2007) Keseler, IM et al. (2005) Nucleic Acids Res. 33(Database issue):D334-7
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 EcoCyc (release 11.1; 2007) Keseler, IM et al. (2005) Nucleic Acids Res. 33(Database issue):D334-7
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 EcoGene: Rudd, KE (2000) EcoGene: a genome sequence database for Escherichia coli K-12. Nucleic Acids Res 28:60-4.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 CGSC: The Coli Genetics Stock Center
  6. 6.0 6.1 The Tn10 insertion sites determined by Nichols et al. 1998 (PMID:9829956) were reannotated by alignment with E. coli K-12 genome sequence (GenBank accession NC_000913). P1 contransduction frequencies were calculated using the formula of Wu (PMID:5338813).
  7. Zaslaver, A et al. (2006) A comprehensive library of fluorescent transcriptional reporters for Escherichia coli. Nat. Methods 3 623-8 PubMed

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