Genes not mapped to a genome sequence: Difference between revisions

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This page has a list of genes that are described in the 1998 linkage map for E. coli K-12 (Edition 10)<ref name='PMID:9729611'/> but have not been correlated with a gene in EcoliWiki.  In most cases, the alleles that led to assignment of these gene names are likely to affect known genes, but which gene has not been determined.
This page has a list of genes that are described in the 1998 linkage map for E. coli K-12 (Edition 10)<ref name='PMID:9729611'/> but have not been correlated with a gene in EcoliWiki.  In most cases, the alleles that led to assignment of these gene names are likely to affect known genes, but which gene has not been determined.
Further information about a particular gene may be found on the EcoliWiki page for the publication(s) describing the mutants.  Click on the PMID: link to access that page.


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{|class = 'sortable' border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"   
{|   id="F48dd6c8083174" class=" tableEdit "   
|- align='left' bgcolor='#CCCCFF'
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!|Gene!!Approx. Map Location!!Mnemonic!!Notes!!Candidate gene(s)
!|Gene!!Approx. Map Location!!Mnemonic!!Paper(s) describing gene!!Notes!!Candidate gene(s)
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Line 18: Line 20:
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Arg binding protein
Arg binding protein
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Low-affinity transport system for arginine and ornithine; periplasmic binding protein [[cgsc_site:18562|CGSC]]
Low-affinity transport system for arginine and ornithine; periplasmic binding protein [[cgsc_site:18562|CGSC]]
Line 29: Line 33:
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Antibiotic sensitivity
Antibiotic sensitivity
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Sensitivity and permeability to antibiotics and dyes [[cgsc_site:18559|CGSC]]
Sensitivity and permeability to antibiotics and dyes [[cgsc_site:18559|CGSC]]
Line 40: Line 46:
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Acyl carrier protein
Acyl carrier protein
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acpS; originally thought to be holo-ACP synthase; perhaps cryptic second gene or regulator [[cgsc_site:1046|CGSC]]
acpS; originally thought to be holo-ACP synthase; perhaps cryptic second gene or regulator [[cgsc_site:1046|CGSC]]
Line 51: Line 59:
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Acridine
Acridine
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Sensitivity to acriflavine; transmembrane protein [[cgsc_site:1044|CGSC]]
Sensitivity to acriflavine; transmembrane protein [[cgsc_site:1044|CGSC]]
Line 62: Line 72:
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Alcohol dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
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Alcohol dehydrogenase [[cgsc_site:36932|CGSC]]
Alcohol dehydrogenase [[cgsc_site:36932|CGSC]]
Line 73: Line 85:
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Acetylgalactosamine
Acetylgalactosamine
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Cluster of putative N-acetylgalactosamine pathway genes, including the kba gene, and mannose permease homologs [[cgsc_site:55305|CGSC]]
Cluster of putative N-acetylgalactosamine pathway genes, including the kba gene, and mannose permease homologs [[cgsc_site:55305|CGSC]]
Line 84: Line 98:
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Aromatic
Aromatic
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Function unknown [[cgsc_site:1000|CGSC]]
Function unknown [[cgsc_site:1000|CGSC]]
Line 95: Line 111:
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Azaserine
Azaserine
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Mutants azaserine resistant [[cgsc_site:970|CGSC]]
Mutants azaserine resistant [[cgsc_site:970|CGSC]]
Line 106: Line 124:
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Azaserine
Azaserine
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Mutants azaserine resistant [[cgsc_site:969|CGSC]]
Mutants azaserine resistant [[cgsc_site:969|CGSC]]
Line 117: Line 137:
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Azaleucine
Azaleucine
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Mutants azaleucine resistant; regulates ilv and leu [[cgsc_site:967|CGSC]]
Mutants azaleucine resistant; regulates ilv and leu [[cgsc_site:967|CGSC]]
Line 128: Line 150:
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BF23 multiplication
BF23 multiplication
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Controls phage BF23 multiplication [[cgsc_site:966|CGSC]]
Controls phage BF23 multiplication [[cgsc_site:966|CGSC]]
Line 139: Line 163:
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-Glucoside
-Glucoside
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bglE; regulatory gene for BglA [[cgsc_site:961|CGSC]]
bglE; regulatory gene for BglA [[cgsc_site:961|CGSC]]
Line 150: Line 176:
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Biotin
Biotin
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bir, birB; biotin transport [[cgsc_site:953|CGSC]]
bir, birB; biotin transport [[cgsc_site:953|CGSC]]
Line 162: Line 190:
Branched chain
Branched chain
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Mutants valine resistant, glycylvaline sensitive [[cgsc_site:949|CGSC]]
PMID:4590465
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Mutants valine resistant, glycylvaline sensitive [[cgsc_site:949|CGSC]]
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Line 172: Line 202:
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Branched chain
Branched chain
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PMID:4590465
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Mutants valine resistant, glycylvaline sensitive [[cgsc_site:948|CGSC]]
Mutants valine resistant, glycylvaline sensitive [[cgsc_site:948|CGSC]]
Line 183: Line 215:
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Branched chain
Branched chain
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Low-affinity transport of Ile [[cgsc_site:947|CGSC]]
Low-affinity transport of Ile [[cgsc_site:947|CGSC]]
Line 194: Line 228:
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Bypass maltose
Bypass maltose
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Growth on maltose in MalT cells [[cgsc_site:944|CGSC]]
Growth on maltose in MalT cells [[cgsc_site:944|CGSC]]
Line 205: Line 241:
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Calcium
Calcium
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Calcium-proton antiport activity [[cgsc_site:941|CGSC]]
Calcium-proton antiport activity [[cgsc_site:941|CGSC]]
Line 216: Line 254:
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Calcium
Calcium
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Calcium transport; mutants defective in chemotaxis [[cgsc_site:940|CGSC]]
Calcium transport; mutants defective in chemotaxis [[cgsc_site:940|CGSC]]
Line 227: Line 267:
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Calcium
Calcium
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Calcium transport; mutants defective in chemotaxis [[cgsc_site:939|CGSC]]
Calcium transport; mutants defective in chemotaxis [[cgsc_site:939|CGSC]]
Line 238: Line 280:
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CDP diglyceride synthase
CDP diglyceride synthase
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Stability of CDP diglyceride synthase [[cgsc_site:18490|CGSC]]
Stability of CDP diglyceride synthase [[cgsc_site:18490|CGSC]]
Line 249: Line 293:
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Capsular polysaccharide synthesis
Capsular polysaccharide synthesis
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Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:18463|CGSC]]
Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:18463|CGSC]]
Line 260: Line 306:
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Capsular polysaccharide synthesis
Capsular polysaccharide synthesis
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Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:18457|CGSC]]
Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:18457|CGSC]]
Line 271: Line 319:
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Capsular polysaccharide synthesis
Capsular polysaccharide synthesis
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Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:18454|CGSC]]
Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:18454|CGSC]]
Line 282: Line 332:
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Capsular polysaccharide synthesis
Capsular polysaccharide synthesis
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Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:51241|CGSC]]
Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:51241|CGSC]]
Line 293: Line 345:
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Capsular polysaccharide synthesis
Capsular polysaccharide synthesis
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Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:18448|CGSC]]
Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:18448|CGSC]]
Line 304: Line 358:
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Conjugative plasmid expression
Conjugative plasmid expression
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Phage Q resistance, membrane protein [[cgsc_site:907|CGSC]]
Phage Q resistance, membrane protein [[cgsc_site:907|CGSC]]
Line 315: Line 371:
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Cold resistant growth
Cold resistant growth
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Allows cold-resistant growth [[cgsc_site:18445|CGSC]]
Allows cold-resistant growth [[cgsc_site:18445|CGSC]]
Line 326: Line 384:
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Carbon starvation induced
Carbon starvation induced
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Stationary phase inducible protein [[cgsc_site:36892|CGSC]]
Stationary phase inducible protein [[cgsc_site:36892|CGSC]]
Line 337: Line 397:
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Carbon starvation induced
Carbon starvation induced
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Stationary phase inducible protein [[cgsc_site:36895|CGSC]]
Stationary phase inducible protein [[cgsc_site:36895|CGSC]]
Line 348: Line 410:
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Carbon starvation induced
Carbon starvation induced
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Stationary phase inducible protein [[cgsc_site:36898|CGSC]]
Stationary phase inducible protein [[cgsc_site:36898|CGSC]]
Line 359: Line 423:
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Carbon starvation induced
Carbon starvation induced
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Stationary phase inducible protein [[cgsc_site:36998|CGSC]]
Stationary phase inducible protein [[cgsc_site:36998|CGSC]]
Line 370: Line 436:
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Carbohydrate uptake
Carbohydrate uptake
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Mutants have defective carbohydrate uptake [[cgsc_site:18442|CGSC]]
Mutants have defective carbohydrate uptake [[cgsc_site:18442|CGSC]]
Line 381: Line 449:
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Carbon-xylose metabolism
Carbon-xylose metabolism
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cxr; methyl glyoxal synthesis; D-xylose utilization [[cgsc_site:903|CGSC]]
cxr; methyl glyoxal synthesis; D-xylose utilization [[cgsc_site:903|CGSC]]
Line 392: Line 462:
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Cysteine
Cysteine
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Reading frame in opposite orientation within cysE gene; polypeptide synthesized in maxicells [[cgsc_site:55332|CGSC]]
Reading frame in opposite orientation within cysE gene; polypeptide synthesized in maxicells [[cgsc_site:55332|CGSC]]
Line 403: Line 475:
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D-Amino acid dehydrogenase
D-Amino acid dehydrogenase
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alnR; regulator of dad regulon [[cgsc_site:882|CGSC]]
alnR; regulator of dad regulon [[cgsc_site:882|CGSC]]
Line 414: Line 488:
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Dicarboxylic acid transport
Dicarboxylic acid transport
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Uptake of C-4 dicarboxylic acids; 3-fluoromalate resistance, D-tartrate resistant [[cgsc_site:871|CGSC]]
Uptake of C-4 dicarboxylic acids; 3-fluoromalate resistance, D-tartrate resistant [[cgsc_site:871|CGSC]]
Line 425: Line 501:
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Deletion
Deletion
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Affects frequency of IS1-mediated deletions; 1,000-fold reduction in deletion frequency [[cgsc_site:869|CGSC]]
Affects frequency of IS1-mediated deletions; 1,000-fold reduction in deletion frequency [[cgsc_site:869|CGSC]]
Line 436: Line 514:
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Diglyceride kinase
Diglyceride kinase
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Regulatory [[cgsc_site:861|CGSC]]
Regulatory [[cgsc_site:861|CGSC]]
Line 447: Line 527:
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Damage inducible
Damage inducible
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Repair gene [[cgsc_site:36880|CGSC]]
Repair gene [[cgsc_site:36880|CGSC]]
Line 458: Line 540:
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DNA
DNA
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DNA biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:846|CGSC]]
DNA biosynthesis [[cgsc_site:846|CGSC]]
Line 469: Line 553:
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Dipeptide permease
Dipeptide permease
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Uptake of dipeptides; dipeptide permease [[cgsc_site:835|CGSC]]
Uptake of dipeptides; dipeptide permease [[cgsc_site:835|CGSC]]
Line 480: Line 566:
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Dye-visible light?
Dye-visible light?
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Sensitivity to SDS and toluidine blue plus light [[cgsc_site:18418|CGSC]]
Sensitivity to SDS and toluidine blue plus light [[cgsc_site:18418|CGSC]]
Line 491: Line 579:
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Evolved -galactosidase
Evolved -galactosidase
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Cryptic -galactoside utilization, possible paralog of lacY [[cgsc_site:18415|CGSC]]
Cryptic -galactoside utilization, possible paralog of lacY [[cgsc_site:18415|CGSC]]
Line 502: Line 592:
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Envelope
Envelope
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Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied [[cgsc_site:811|CGSC]]
Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied [[cgsc_site:811|CGSC]]
Line 513: Line 605:
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Envelope
Envelope
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Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied [[cgsc_site:810|CGSC]]
Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied [[cgsc_site:810|CGSC]]
Line 524: Line 618:
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Envelope
Envelope
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Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied [[cgsc_site:809|CGSC]]
Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied [[cgsc_site:809|CGSC]]
Line 535: Line 631:
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Envelope
Envelope
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Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied [[cgsc_site:808|CGSC]]
Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied [[cgsc_site:808|CGSC]]
Line 546: Line 644:
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E-pentapeptide
E-pentapeptide
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Minigene within 23S rRNA encoding functional pentapeptide; erythromycin resistance [[cgsc_site:51135|CGSC]]
Minigene within 23S rRNA encoding functional pentapeptide; erythromycin resistance [[cgsc_site:51135|CGSC]]
Line 557: Line 657:
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Efficiency site for phage
Efficiency site for phage
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Site for efficient packaging of phage T1 [[cgsc_site:805|CGSC]]
Site for efficient packaging of phage T1 [[cgsc_site:805|CGSC]]
Line 568: Line 670:
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Export
Export
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Uptake of enterochelin; resistance or sensitivity to colicins [[cgsc_site:803|CGSC]]
Uptake of enterochelin; resistance or sensitivity to colicins [[cgsc_site:803|CGSC]]
Line 579: Line 683:
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Export
Export
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Expression of a group of export proteins [[cgsc_site:802|CGSC]]
Expression of a group of export proteins [[cgsc_site:802|CGSC]]
Line 590: Line 696:
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Fatty acid
Fatty acid
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Utilization of trans unsaturated fatty acids [[cgsc_site:18403|CGSC]]
Utilization of trans unsaturated fatty acids [[cgsc_site:18403|CGSC]]
Line 601: Line 709:
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Filamentous, cold sensitive
Filamentous, cold sensitive
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Cold-sensitive cell division mutant [[cgsc_site:787|CGSC]]
Cold-sensitive cell division mutant [[cgsc_site:787|CGSC]]
Line 612: Line 722:
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F exclusion
F exclusion
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Affects ArcA phenotype [[cgsc_site:778|CGSC]]
Affects ArcA phenotype [[cgsc_site:778|CGSC]]
Line 623: Line 735:
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Formate hydrogen-lyase
Formate hydrogen-lyase
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Formate hydrogen-lyase; activated by fhlA [[cgsc_site:36851|CGSC]]
Formate hydrogen-lyase; activated by fhlA [[cgsc_site:36851|CGSC]]
Line 634: Line 748:
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F1 phage
F1 phage
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Morphogenesis of phage F1 [[cgsc_site:18334|CGSC]]
Morphogenesis of phage F1 [[cgsc_site:18334|CGSC]]
Line 645: Line 761:
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F1 phage
F1 phage
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Morphogenesis of phage F1 [[cgsc_site:18331|CGSC]]
Morphogenesis of phage F1 [[cgsc_site:18331|CGSC]]
Line 656: Line 774:
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FKBP-like
FKBP-like
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Periplasmic PPIase, of FK506-binding protein type (EC 5.2.1.8); contains pipecolic acid residue [[cgsc_site:48137|CGSC]]
Periplasmic PPIase, of FK506-binding protein type (EC 5.2.1.8); contains pipecolic acid residue [[cgsc_site:48137|CGSC]]
Line 667: Line 787:
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Glutamate deCase
Glutamate deCase
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Regulatory gene for gat? [[cgsc_site:726|CGSC]]
Regulatory gene for gat? [[cgsc_site:726|CGSC]]
Line 678: Line 800:
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Glucarate
Glucarate
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D-Glucarate utilization [[cgsc_site:717|CGSC]]
D-Glucarate utilization [[cgsc_site:717|CGSC]]
Line 689: Line 813:
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Glucarate
Glucarate
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D-Glucarate utilization [[cgsc_site:716|CGSC]]
D-Glucarate utilization [[cgsc_site:716|CGSC]]
Line 700: Line 826:
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Glucosamine
Glucosamine
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Affects suppression of glmS mutations by nagB [[cgsc_site:36538|CGSC]]
Affects suppression of glmS mutations by nagB [[cgsc_site:36538|CGSC]]
Line 711: Line 839:
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Glutamate
Glutamate
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Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase; possible regulatory subunit [[cgsc_site:685|CGSC]]
Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase; possible regulatory subunit [[cgsc_site:685|CGSC]]
Line 722: Line 852:
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Glutamate
Glutamate
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Growth on glutamate [[cgsc_site:684|CGSC]]
Growth on glutamate [[cgsc_site:684|CGSC]]
Line 733: Line 865:
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Glutamate
Glutamate
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Growth on glutamate at 42C [[cgsc_site:682|CGSC]]
Growth on glutamate at 42C [[cgsc_site:682|CGSC]]
Line 744: Line 878:
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Growth of phage, replication
Growth of phage, replication
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Replication of certain lambdoid phage [[cgsc_site:15896|CGSC]]
Replication of certain lambdoid phage [[cgsc_site:15896|CGSC]]
Line 755: Line 891:
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Growth of phage, replication
Growth of phage, replication
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Replication of certain lambdoid phage [[cgsc_site:15890|CGSC]]
Replication of certain lambdoid phage [[cgsc_site:15890|CGSC]]
Line 766: Line 904:
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Glucuronide
Glucuronide
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Utilization of glucuronides [[cgsc_site:653|CGSC]]
Utilization of glucuronides [[cgsc_site:653|CGSC]]
Line 777: Line 917:
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Heterogeneous size
Heterogeneous size
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cop; possibly structural gene for DNA-binding protein; near ori [[cgsc_site:640|CGSC]]
cop; possibly structural gene for DNA-binding protein; near ori [[cgsc_site:640|CGSC]]
Line 788: Line 930:
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Heat shock locus
Heat shock locus
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Protein expressed as heat shock regulon member [[cgsc_site:36762|CGSC]]
Protein expressed as heat shock regulon member [[cgsc_site:36762|CGSC]]
Line 799: Line 943:
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Heat shock locus
Heat shock locus
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Protein expressed as heat shock regulon member [[cgsc_site:36765|CGSC]]
Protein expressed as heat shock regulon member [[cgsc_site:36765|CGSC]]
Line 810: Line 956:
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Heat shock locus
Heat shock locus
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Protein expressed as heat shock regulon member [[cgsc_site:36945|CGSC]]
Protein expressed as heat shock regulon member [[cgsc_site:36945|CGSC]]
Line 821: Line 969:
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Heat shock locus
Heat shock locus
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Heat-inducible; regulatory gene, near groE [[cgsc_site:41190|CGSC]]
Heat-inducible; regulatory gene, near groE [[cgsc_site:41190|CGSC]]
Line 832: Line 982:
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Isoleucine-valine (requirement)
Isoleucine-valine (requirement)
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Production of valine-resistant acetolactate synthase activity [[cgsc_site:604|CGSC]]
Production of valine-resistant acetolactate synthase activity [[cgsc_site:604|CGSC]]
Line 843: Line 995:
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Isoleucine-valine
Isoleucine-valine
|
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[[cgsc_site:15917|CGSC]]
[[cgsc_site:15917|CGSC]]
Line 854: Line 1,008:
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Isoleucine-valine (requirement)
Isoleucine-valine (requirement)
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PMID:385587
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Regulation of ileS and modification of Ile tRNA2 and Val tRNA2 [[cgsc_site:599|CGSC]]
Regulation of ileS and modification of Ile tRNA2 and Val tRNA2 [[cgsc_site:599|CGSC]]
Line 865: Line 1,021:
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Insensitive NG mutagenesis
Insensitive NG mutagenesis
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Susceptibility to mutagenesis by nitrosoguanidine [[cgsc_site:595|CGSC]]
Susceptibility to mutagenesis by nitrosoguanidine [[cgsc_site:595|CGSC]]
Line 876: Line 1,034:
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Inhibits SOS function
Inhibits SOS function
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Regulatory gene; SOS-related [[cgsc_site:41044|CGSC]]
Regulatory gene; SOS-related [[cgsc_site:41044|CGSC]]
Line 887: Line 1,047:
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Kasugamycin
Kasugamycin
|
PMID:6257656
PMID:4570603
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High-level resistance to kasugamycin [[cgsc_site:582|CGSC]]
High-level resistance to kasugamycin [[cgsc_site:582|CGSC]]
Line 895: Line 1,059:
ksgC
ksgC
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12.0
12.04-12.06
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Kasugamycin
Kasugamycin
|
PMID:1092672
|
|
Resistance to kasugamycin; affects ribosomal protein S2 [[cgsc_site:581|CGSC]]
Resistance to kasugamycin; affects ribosomal protein S2 [[cgsc_site:581|CGSC]]
Line 909: Line 1,075:
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Kasugamycin
Kasugamycin
|
PMID:6257656
|
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Resistance to kasugamycin [[cgsc_site:580|CGSC]]
Resistance to kasugamycin [[cgsc_site:580|CGSC]]
Line 920: Line 1,088:
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Leucine (biosynthesis)
Leucine (biosynthesis)
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flr; regulation of leu and ilv operons [[cgsc_site:18196|CGSC]]
flr; regulation of leu and ilv operons [[cgsc_site:18196|CGSC]]
Line 931: Line 1,101:
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Leucine
Leucine
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|
|
Regulates level of leucyl-tRNA synthetase [[cgsc_site:567|CGSC]]
Regulates level of leucyl-tRNA synthetase [[cgsc_site:567|CGSC]]
Line 942: Line 1,114:
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Leucine
Leucine
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Regulates level of leucyl-tRNA synthetase [[cgsc_site:560|CGSC]]
Regulates level of leucyl-tRNA synthetase [[cgsc_site:560|CGSC]]
Line 953: Line 1,127:
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Levallorphan
Levallorphan
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|
|
Resistance to levallorphan [[cgsc_site:559|CGSC]]
Resistance to levallorphan [[cgsc_site:559|CGSC]]
Line 964: Line 1,140:
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Lincomycin
Lincomycin
|
|
|
High-level lincomycin resistance [[cgsc_site:556|CGSC]]
High-level lincomycin resistance [[cgsc_site:556|CGSC]]
Line 975: Line 1,153:
|
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Lipopolysaccharide core
Lipopolysaccharide core
|
|
|
mrc, pon; T-phage resistance, novobiocin sensitivity [[cgsc_site:545|CGSC]]
mrc, pon; T-phage resistance, novobiocin sensitivity [[cgsc_site:545|CGSC]]
Line 986: Line 1,166:
|
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L-Ribose (utilization)
L-Ribose (utilization)
|
|
|
Affects NADPH-linked L-ribose reductase activity [[cgsc_site:36791|CGSC]]
Affects NADPH-linked L-ribose reductase activity [[cgsc_site:36791|CGSC]]
Line 997: Line 1,179:
|
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Lysine
Lysine
|
|
|
Lysine excretion [[cgsc_site:536|CGSC]]
Lysine excretion [[cgsc_site:536|CGSC]]
Line 1,008: Line 1,192:
|
|
Lytic
Lytic
|
|
|
Tolerance to -lactams; autolysis [[cgsc_site:18184|CGSC]]
Tolerance to -lactams; autolysis [[cgsc_site:18184|CGSC]]
Line 1,019: Line 1,205:
|
|
Maintenance of F
Maintenance of F
|
PMID:327277
PMID:391803
|
|
Maintenance of F-like plasmids [[cgsc_site:534|CGSC]]
Maintenance of F-like plasmids [[cgsc_site:534|CGSC]]
Line 1,030: Line 1,220:
|
|
Maintenance of F
Maintenance of F
|
PMID:391803
|
|
Maintenance of F-like plasmids [[cgsc_site:533|CGSC]]
Maintenance of F-like plasmids [[cgsc_site:533|CGSC]]
Line 1,041: Line 1,233:
|
|
Mothball resistant
Mothball resistant
|
PMID:2176633
|
|
Resistance to camphor vapors; coupling of cell division and replication, growth rate and partitioning [[cgsc_site:36929|CGSC]]
Resistance to camphor vapors; coupling of cell division and replication, growth rate and partitioning [[cgsc_site:36929|CGSC]]
Line 1,052: Line 1,246:
|
|
malE bypass
malE bypass
|
|
|
Suppressor of malE secB-defective transport of mal-binding protein [[cgsc_site:28194|CGSC]]
Suppressor of malE secB-defective transport of mal-binding protein [[cgsc_site:28194|CGSC]]
Line 1,063: Line 1,259:
|
|
Methyl-galactoside
Methyl-galactoside
|
|
|
R-MG; regulatory gene [[cgsc_site:498|CGSC]]
R-MG; regulatory gene [[cgsc_site:498|CGSC]]
Line 1,074: Line 1,272:
|
|
Manganese
Manganese
|
|
|
Manganese resistance [[cgsc_site:494|CGSC]]
Manganese resistance [[cgsc_site:494|CGSC]]
Line 1,085: Line 1,285:
|
|
Murein cluster a
Murein cluster a
|
|
|
D-Alanine carboxypeptidase [[cgsc_site:489|CGSC]]
D-Alanine carboxypeptidase [[cgsc_site:489|CGSC]]
Line 1,096: Line 1,298:
|
|
Mutability lambda
Mutability lambda
|
|
|
Mutability in UV-radiated lambda phage [[cgsc_site:477|CGSC]]
Mutability in UV-radiated lambda phage [[cgsc_site:477|CGSC]]
Line 1,107: Line 1,311:
|
|
Murein
Murein
|
|
|
Terminal stage in peptidoglycan synthesis, incorporating disaccharide peptide units into wall [[cgsc_site:18136|CGSC]]
Terminal stage in peptidoglycan synthesis, incorporating disaccharide peptide units into wall [[cgsc_site:18136|CGSC]]
Line 1,118: Line 1,324:
|
|
Mutator
Mutator
|
|
|
Mutation causes high C-to-T mutation in second C of CCAGG; near but distinct from vsr; provisionally termed mutG [[cgsc_site:28933|CGSC]]
Mutation causes high C-to-T mutation in second C of CCAGG; near but distinct from vsr; provisionally termed mutG [[cgsc_site:28933|CGSC]]
Line 1,129: Line 1,337:
|
|
Nalidixic acid
Nalidixic acid
|
PMID:4895844
PMID:8509326
|
|
Sensitivity to nalidixic acid (NAL) [[cgsc_site:460|CGSC]]
Sensitivity to nalidixic acid (NAL) [[cgsc_site:460|CGSC]]
|
|
''emr'' locus according to [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1409590 PMID:1409590]
|-  
|-  
|
|
Line 1,140: Line 1,353:
|
|
Neamine
Neamine
|
PMID:4604727
PMID:358966
|
|
Neamine sensitivity [[cgsc_site:456|CGSC]]
Neamine sensitivity [[cgsc_site:456|CGSC]]
Line 1,151: Line 1,367:
|
|
Nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin
|
PMID:6387400
|
|
Nitrofurantoin sensitivity [[cgsc_site:18100|CGSC]]
Nitrofurantoin sensitivity [[cgsc_site:18100|CGSC]]
Line 1,162: Line 1,380:
|
|
N4 (phage) resistant
N4 (phage) resistant
|
|
|
Phage N4 susceptibility [[cgsc_site:36113|CGSC]]
Phage N4 susceptibility [[cgsc_site:36113|CGSC]]
Line 1,173: Line 1,393:
|
|
Nonmucoid
Nonmucoid
|
|
|
Affects capsule formation [[cgsc_site:446|CGSC]]
Affects capsule formation [[cgsc_site:446|CGSC]]
Line 1,184: Line 1,406:
|
|
Oligopeptide permease
Oligopeptide permease
|
PMID:2981814
|
|
Oligopeptide transport [[cgsc_site:18082|CGSC]]
Oligopeptide transport [[cgsc_site:18082|CGSC]]
Line 1,195: Line 1,419:
|
|
rpo reversed
rpo reversed
|
|
|
Rate of degradation of aberrant RNAP-subunit proteins [[cgsc_site:18079|CGSC]]
Rate of degradation of aberrant RNAP-subunit proteins [[cgsc_site:18079|CGSC]]
Line 1,206: Line 1,432:
|
|
Overproduction of polysaccharide
Overproduction of polysaccharide
|
|
|
Level of exopolysaccharide production [[cgsc_site:18076|CGSC]]
Level of exopolysaccharide production [[cgsc_site:18076|CGSC]]
Line 1,217: Line 1,445:
|
|
Origin of replication
Origin of replication
|
|
|
Locus in defective prophage rac [[cgsc_site:430|CGSC]]
Locus in defective prophage rac [[cgsc_site:430|CGSC]]
Line 1,228: Line 1,458:
|
|
Phenylacetate
Phenylacetate
|
|
|
Phenylacetate degradation [[cgsc_site:18067|CGSC]]
Phenylacetate degradation [[cgsc_site:18067|CGSC]]
Line 1,239: Line 1,471:
|
|
Phage X
Phage X
|
|
|
Adsorption of X154 [[cgsc_site:389|CGSC]]
Adsorption of X154 [[cgsc_site:389|CGSC]]
Line 1,250: Line 1,484:
|
|
Proline oxidase
Proline oxidase
|
|
|
Regulation of proline oxidase production [[cgsc_site:377|CGSC]]
Regulation of proline oxidase production [[cgsc_site:377|CGSC]]
Line 1,261: Line 1,497:
|
|
Porphyrin
Porphyrin
|
|
|
5-Aminolevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) [[cgsc_site:371|CGSC]]
5-Aminolevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) [[cgsc_site:371|CGSC]]
Line 1,272: Line 1,510:
|
|
Protein localization
Protein localization
|
|
|
Suppresses export defects in signal sequence mutations [[cgsc_site:36421|CGSC]]
Suppresses export defects in signal sequence mutations [[cgsc_site:36421|CGSC]]
Line 1,283: Line 1,523:
|
|
Proline
Proline
|
|
|
Proline transport carrier protein, putative [[cgsc_site:359|CGSC]]
Proline transport carrier protein, putative [[cgsc_site:359|CGSC]]
Line 1,294: Line 1,536:
|
|
Reverse of sup (amber)
Reverse of sup (amber)
|
|
|
Reverses accentuation effects of amber suppressor on relB mutations [[cgsc_site:334|CGSC]]
Reverses accentuation effects of amber suppressor on relB mutations [[cgsc_site:334|CGSC]]
Line 1,305: Line 1,549:
|
|
Q independent
Q independent
|
|
|
kim; cryptic lambdoid phage [[cgsc_site:17529|CGSC]]
kim; cryptic lambdoid phage [[cgsc_site:17529|CGSC]]
Line 1,316: Line 1,562:
|
|
Q membrane
Q membrane
|
PMID:4594014
|
|
Glycine resistance; penicillin sensitivity; membrane defect [[cgsc_site:321|CGSC]]
Glycine resistance; penicillin sensitivity; membrane defect [[cgsc_site:321|CGSC]]
Line 1,327: Line 1,575:
|
|
Q membrane
Q membrane
|
PMID:4594014
|
|
Glycine resistance; penicillin sensitivity; membrane defect [[cgsc_site:320|CGSC]]
Glycine resistance; penicillin sensitivity; membrane defect [[cgsc_site:320|CGSC]]
Line 1,338: Line 1,588:
|
|
Q membrane
Q membrane
|
PMID:4594014
|
|
Glycine resistance; penicillin sensitivity; membrane defect [[cgsc_site:319|CGSC]]
Glycine resistance; penicillin sensitivity; membrane defect [[cgsc_site:319|CGSC]]
Line 1,349: Line 1,601:
|
|
Radiation sensitive
Radiation sensitive
|
|
|
Sensitive to X rays and UV [[cgsc_site:316|CGSC]]
Sensitive to X rays and UV [[cgsc_site:316|CGSC]]
Line 1,360: Line 1,614:
|
|
RecA-dependent growth
RecA-dependent growth
|
|
|
Dependence of growth upon recA gene product [[cgsc_site:17971|CGSC]]
Dependence of growth upon recA gene product [[cgsc_site:17971|CGSC]]
Line 1,371: Line 1,627:
|
|
Relaxed
Relaxed
|
|
|
Control of ppGpp synthesis [[cgsc_site:304|CGSC]]
Control of ppGpp synthesis [[cgsc_site:304|CGSC]]
Line 1,382: Line 1,640:
|
|
Resistance to radiation
Resistance to radiation
|
|
|
Resistance to UV and gamma radiation [[cgsc_site:302|CGSC]]
Resistance to UV and gamma radiation [[cgsc_site:302|CGSC]]
Line 1,393: Line 1,653:
|
|
Rifampin dependence
Rifampin dependence
|
PMID:7035836 (rifampin and Kasugamycin dependence)
PMID:6757665
|
|
Rifampin resistance and dependence [[cgsc_site:285|CGSC]]
Rifampin resistance and dependence [[cgsc_site:285|CGSC]]
Line 1,404: Line 1,668:
|
|
Rifampin dependence
Rifampin dependence
|
PMID:6757665 (Mutant is dependent on rifampin)
|
|
Transcription and translation; rifampin (rifamycin) sensitivity [[cgsc_site:17935|CGSC]]
Transcription and translation; rifampin (rifamycin) sensitivity [[cgsc_site:17935|CGSC]]
|
|
rho
|-  
|-  
|
|
Line 1,415: Line 1,681:
|
|
Ribosomal modification
Ribosomal modification
|
|
|
50S ribosomal subunit maturation [[cgsc_site:284|CGSC]]
50S ribosomal subunit maturation [[cgsc_site:284|CGSC]]
Line 1,426: Line 1,694:
|
|
Ribosomal modification
Ribosomal modification
|
|
|
50S ribosomal subunit maturation [[cgsc_site:283|CGSC]]
50S ribosomal subunit maturation [[cgsc_site:283|CGSC]]
Line 1,437: Line 1,707:
|
|
Ribosomal modification
Ribosomal modification
|
|
|
50S ribosomal subunit maturation [[cgsc_site:282|CGSC]]
50S ribosomal subunit maturation [[cgsc_site:282|CGSC]]
Line 1,448: Line 1,720:
|
|
Ribosomal modification
Ribosomal modification
|
|
|
Ribosomal protein modification [[cgsc_site:281|CGSC]]
Ribosomal protein modification [[cgsc_site:281|CGSC]]
Line 1,459: Line 1,733:
|
|
Ribosomal modification
Ribosomal modification
|
|
|
stsB; ribosomal modification [[cgsc_site:278|CGSC]]
stsB; ribosomal modification [[cgsc_site:278|CGSC]]
Line 1,470: Line 1,746:
|
|
Ribosomal thermolability
Ribosomal thermolability
|
|
|
Affects thermolability of 50S ribosomal subunit [[cgsc_site:274|CGSC]]
Affects thermolability of 50S ribosomal subunit [[cgsc_site:274|CGSC]]
Line 1,481: Line 1,759:
|
|
Roentgen resistance
Roentgen resistance
|
|
|
Sensitivity to ionizing radiation, mitomycin C [[cgsc_site:36611|CGSC]]
Sensitivity to ionizing radiation, mitomycin C [[cgsc_site:36611|CGSC]]
Line 1,492: Line 1,772:
|
|
Suppresses disulfide bond
Suppresses disulfide bond
|
|
|
Motility defects [[cgsc_site:|CGSC]]
Motility defects [[cgsc_site:|CGSC]]
Line 1,502: Line 1,784:
40.5
40.5
|
|
Sensitivity to microcin
Reduced sensitivity to microcin  
|
PMID:3309133
|
|
Sensitivity to microcin E492 [[cgsc_site:17884|CGSC]]
Sensitivity to microcin E492 [[cgsc_site:17884|CGSC]]
|
|
Has been mapped near pabB gene
|-  
|-  
|
|
Line 1,514: Line 1,798:
|
|
Serine
Serine
|
|
|
Regulates level of seryl-tRNA synthetase [[cgsc_site:|CGSC]]
Regulates level of seryl-tRNA synthetase [[cgsc_site:|CGSC]]
Line 1,525: Line 1,811:
|
|
Septum formation inhibition
Septum formation inhibition
|
PMID:3011740
|
|
Element of e14, inhibitor of cell division [[cgsc_site:17875|CGSC]]
Element of e14, inhibitor of cell division [[cgsc_site:17875|CGSC]]
Line 1,536: Line 1,824:
|
|
Suppressor of increased permeability
Suppressor of increased permeability
|
|
|
Mutations reverse the susceptibility to vancomycin and other hydrophobic antibiotics caused by TraT plasmid gene [[cgsc_site:51306|CGSC]]
Mutations reverse the susceptibility to vancomycin and other hydrophobic antibiotics caused by TraT plasmid gene [[cgsc_site:51306|CGSC]]
Line 1,547: Line 1,837:
|
|
Suppressor of increased permeability
Suppressor of increased permeability
|
|
|
Same phenotype as that produced by sipC [[cgsc_site:36869|CGSC]]
Same phenotype as that produced by sipC [[cgsc_site:36869|CGSC]]
Line 1,558: Line 1,850:
|
|
SOS-independent repair
SOS-independent repair
|
|
|
SOS-independent repair of mitomycin C-induced DNA damage [[cgsc_site:36505|CGSC]]
SOS-independent repair of mitomycin C-induced DNA damage [[cgsc_site:36505|CGSC]]
Line 1,569: Line 1,863:
|
|
Slow growth
Slow growth
|
|
|
Tolerance for amidinopenicillin and nalidixic acid; slow growth rate [[cgsc_site:162|CGSC]]
Tolerance for amidinopenicillin and nalidixic acid; slow growth rate [[cgsc_site:162|CGSC]]
Line 1,580: Line 1,876:
|
|
Sorbitol
Sorbitol
|
|
|
gutR; regulatory gene for srl [[cgsc_site:152|CGSC]]
gutR; regulatory gene for srl [[cgsc_site:152|CGSC]]
Line 1,591: Line 1,889:
|
|
Stable RNA
Stable RNA
|
|
|
Degradation of stable RNA [[cgsc_site:151|CGSC]]
Degradation of stable RNA [[cgsc_site:151|CGSC]]
Line 1,602: Line 1,902:
|
|
Suppression secA
Suppression secA
|
|
|
Suppresses secA mutations [[cgsc_site:17869|CGSC]]
Suppresses secA mutations [[cgsc_site:17869|CGSC]]
Line 1,613: Line 1,915:
|
|
Suppression secA
Suppression secA
|
|
|
Suppresses secA mutations [[cgsc_site:17866|CGSC]]
Suppresses secA mutations [[cgsc_site:17866|CGSC]]
Line 1,624: Line 1,928:
|
|
Suppression secA
Suppression secA
|
|
|
Suppresses secA mutations [[cgsc_site:17863|CGSC]]
Suppresses secA mutations [[cgsc_site:17863|CGSC]]
Line 1,635: Line 1,941:
|
|
Suppression of secY
Suppression of secY
|
|
|
Suppressor of secY mutation [[cgsc_site:17848|CGSC]]
Suppressor of secY mutation [[cgsc_site:17848|CGSC]]
Line 1,647: Line 1,955:
fts in reverse
fts in reverse
|
|
Antisense RNA blocks ftsZ mRNA translation, inhibits cell division [[cgsc_site:36124|CGSC]]
PMID:8226652
|
Antisense RNA blocks ftsZ mRNA translation, only inhibits cell division when overexpressed at high temperatures [[cgsc_site:36124|CGSC]]
|
|
   
   
Line 1,657: Line 1,967:
|
|
Suppressor of transposase killing
Suppressor of transposase killing
|
|
|
Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression [[cgsc_site:36083|CGSC]]
Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression [[cgsc_site:36083|CGSC]]
Line 1,668: Line 1,980:
|
|
Suppressor of transposase killing
Suppressor of transposase killing
|
|
|
Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression [[cgsc_site:36093|CGSC]]
Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression [[cgsc_site:36093|CGSC]]
Line 1,679: Line 1,993:
|
|
Suppressor of transposase killing
Suppressor of transposase killing
|
|
|
Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression [[cgsc_site:36087|CGSC]]
Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression [[cgsc_site:36087|CGSC]]
Line 1,690: Line 2,006:
|
|
Suppressor of transposase killing
Suppressor of transposase killing
|
|
|
Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression [[cgsc_site:36090|CGSC]]
Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression [[cgsc_site:36090|CGSC]]
Line 1,701: Line 2,019:
|
|
Streptomycin
Streptomycin
|
|
|
strB; low-level streptomycin resistance; modifies ribosome structure [[cgsc_site:149|CGSC]]
strB; low-level streptomycin resistance; modifies ribosome structure [[cgsc_site:149|CGSC]]
Line 1,712: Line 2,032:
|
|
Streptomycin
Streptomycin
|
|
|
asuF?; control of ribosomal ambiguity [[cgsc_site:148|CGSC]]
asuF?; control of ribosomal ambiguity [[cgsc_site:148|CGSC]]
Line 1,721: Line 2,043:
|
|
84.7
84.7
|
|
|


Line 1,734: Line 2,058:
|
|
Suppressor heat-shock proteins
Suppressor heat-shock proteins
|
|
|
Induction of heat shock genes [[cgsc_site:17839|CGSC]]
Induction of heat shock genes [[cgsc_site:17839|CGSC]]
Line 1,745: Line 2,071:
|
|
T4 abortion
T4 abortion
|
|
|
Mutants fail to support growth of T4 [[cgsc_site:125|CGSC]]
Mutants fail to support growth of T4 [[cgsc_site:125|CGSC]]
Line 1,756: Line 2,084:
|
|
Trehalose, anaerobic
Trehalose, anaerobic
|
|
|
Anaerobic growth on trehalose [[cgsc_site:37222|CGSC]]
Anaerobic growth on trehalose [[cgsc_site:37222|CGSC]]
Line 1,767: Line 2,097:
|
|
Trehalose, anaerobic
Trehalose, anaerobic
|
|
|
Anaerobic growth on trehalose [[cgsc_site:37910|CGSC]]
Anaerobic growth on trehalose [[cgsc_site:37910|CGSC]]
Line 1,778: Line 2,110:
|
|
Transduction inhibition
Transduction inhibition
|
|
|
Affects transduction, transformation, and rates of mutation [[cgsc_site:121|CGSC]]
Affects transduction, transformation, and rates of mutation [[cgsc_site:121|CGSC]]
Line 1,789: Line 2,123:
|
|
Thiophene degradation
Thiophene degradation
|
|
|
Degradation of furans and thiophenes; may be tlnA? [[cgsc_site:17824|CGSC]]
Degradation of furans and thiophenes; may be tlnA? [[cgsc_site:17824|CGSC]]
|
|
   
   
|-
|
psu
|
1.3 min
|
polarity suppressor
|
|
PMID:8380152
|
[[hepA]]
|-  
|-  
|
|
Line 1,800: Line 2,149:
|
|
Thiophene degradation
Thiophene degradation
|
|
|
Degradation of furans and thiophenes [[cgsc_site:17821|CGSC]]
Degradation of furans and thiophenes [[cgsc_site:17821|CGSC]]
Line 1,811: Line 2,162:
|
|
Thiophene degradation
Thiophene degradation
|
|
|
Degradation of furans and thiophenes [[cgsc_site:15908|CGSC]]
Degradation of furans and thiophenes [[cgsc_site:15908|CGSC]]
|
|-
|
ackB
|
39 min
|
acetate kinase
|
PMID:7033467
|
Ack- mutants were defective in aerobic growth on acetate or glucose as well as acetate accumulation from glucose & mapped near 39' (ackA mapped to ~50').  [[cgsc_site:19551|CGSC]]
|
|
   
   
Line 1,822: Line 2,188:
|
|
Thiolutin
Thiolutin
|
|
|
tlnI; resistance or sensitivity to thiolutin; may be thdA? [[cgsc_site:102|CGSC]]
tlnI; resistance or sensitivity to thiolutin; may be thdA? [[cgsc_site:102|CGSC]]
Line 1,828: Line 2,196:
|-  
|-  
|
|
tnm
alaB
|
 
|
|
92.0
alanine-glutamate transaminase
|
|
Tn migration
PMID:2890623
|
|
Transposition of Tn9 and other transposons, development of phage Mu [[cgsc_site:100|CGSC]]
alaB was found to be capable of multi-copy suppression of an alanine auxotrophy.
|
|
   
   
|-  
|-  
|
|
tolD
tnm
|
92.0
|
|
22.9
Tn migration
|
|
Tolerance
 
|
|
Bacteriocin tolerant; tolerance to colicins E2, E3, and ampicillin [[cgsc_site:96|CGSC]]
Transposition of Tn9 and other transposons, development of phage Mu [[cgsc_site:100|CGSC]]
|
|
   
   
|-  
|-  
|
|
tolE
dgd
|
 
|
|
22.9
D-galactose dehydrogenase
|
|
Tolerance
 
|
|
Bacteriocin tolerant; tolerance to colicins E2, E3, and ampicillin [[cgsc_site:95|CGSC]]
 
|
|
   
   
|-  
|-  
|
|
tolI
tolD
|
|
0.1
22.9
|
|
Tolerance
Tolerance
|
|
Bacteriocin tolerant; sensitivity to colicins Ia and Ib [[cgsc_site:94|CGSC]]
 
|
Bacteriocin tolerant; tolerance to colicins E2, E3, and ampicillin [[cgsc_site:96|CGSC]]
|
|
   
   
|-  
|-  
|
|
tolJ
treE
|
 
|
|
0.1
catabolic trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase
|
|
Tolerance
PMID:8391102
|
|
Bacteriocin tolerant; sensitivity to L, A, S4, E, and K [[cgsc_site:93|CGSC]]
In the absence of osmotic stress, trehalose induces converstion to free glucose and a glucose polymer, in a pathway involving TreE.
|
|
   
   
|-  
|-  
|
|
tsmA
tolE
|
22.9
|
|
40.1
Tolerance
|
|
Thymine suppression modifier
 
|
|
Affects suppression efficiency for nonsense and frameshift mutations of Thy strains [[cgsc_site:36603|CGSC]]
Bacteriocin tolerant; tolerance to colicins E2, E3, and ampicillin [[cgsc_site:95|CGSC]]
|
|
   
   
|-  
|-  
|
|
ups
tolI
|
|
27.1
0.1
|
|
Up-suppression?
Tolerance
|
|
Efficiency of nonsense suppressors; see prfA
 
[[PMID:6265322]]<ref name=PMID:6265322/>
|
[[cgsc_site:23|CGSC]]
Bacteriocin tolerant; sensitivity to colicins Ia and Ib [[cgsc_site:94|CGSC]]
|
|
   
   
|-  
|-  
|
|
uvh
tolJ
|
0.1
|
|
90.2
Tolerance
|
|
UV hyperresistant to UVC
 
|
|
Resistance to UVC, peroxide and antibiotics; may affect SOS repair [[PMID:8988611]]<ref name=PMID:8988611/> [[cgsc_site:51073|CGSC]]
Bacteriocin tolerant; sensitivity to L, A, S4, E, and K [[cgsc_site:93|CGSC]]
|
|
   
   
|-  
|-  
|
|
uvs
tsmA
|
|
91.1
40.1
|
Thymine suppression modifier
|
 
|
Affects suppression efficiency for nonsense and frameshift mutations of Thy strains [[cgsc_site:36603|CGSC]]
|
|-
|
ups
|
27.1
|
Up-suppression
|
PMID:345090
|
Increases efficiency of nonsense suppressors
 
[[cgsc_site:23|CGSC]]
|
Proposed to be an allele of prfA<ref name='PMID:7508076'/>
|-
|
uvh
|
90.2
|
UV hyperresistant to UVC
|
PMID:8988611
|
Resistance to UVC, peroxide and antibiotics; may affect SOS repair  [[cgsc_site:51073|CGSC]]
|
|-
|
uvs
|
91.1
|
|
UV sensitivity
UV sensitivity
|
|
UV-sensitive mutants, locus linked to uvr [[PMID:8988611]]<ref name=PMID:8988611/> [[cgsc_site:51076|CGSC]]
PMID:8988611
|
UV-sensitive mutants, locus linked to uvr   [[cgsc_site:51076|CGSC]]
|
|-
|
adhB
|
19.1
|
Alcohol dehydrogenase
|
 
|
Alcohol dehydrogenase [[cgsc_site:36932|CGSC]]
|
|-
|
''tlmR''
|
57.5 min
|
Thiolactomycin resistance.
|
PMID:8509326
|
 
|
[http://ecoliwiki.net/colipedia/index.php/emrB ''emrB'']
|-
|
''hipQ''
|
.7 minfrom the leu locus (2 min)
|
Persistence
|
PMID:1963289
|
High persistence mutation.
|
|
   
   


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Latest revision as of 20:48, 27 November 2012

This page has a list of genes that are described in the 1998 linkage map for E. coli K-12 (Edition 10)[1] but have not been correlated with a gene in EcoliWiki. In most cases, the alleles that led to assignment of these gene names are likely to affect known genes, but which gene has not been determined.

Further information about a particular gene may be found on the EcoliWiki page for the publication(s) describing the mutants. Click on the PMID: link to access that page.

Gene Approx. Map Location Mnemonic Paper(s) describing gene Notes Candidate gene(s)

abpS

63.5

Arg binding protein

Low-affinity transport system for arginine and ornithine; periplasmic binding protein CGSC

abs

94.1

Antibiotic sensitivity

Sensitivity and permeability to antibiotics and dyes CGSC

acpX

43.9

Acyl carrier protein

acpS; originally thought to be holo-ACP synthase; perhaps cryptic second gene or regulator CGSC

acrC

4.5

Acridine

Sensitivity to acriflavine; transmembrane protein CGSC

adhB

19.1

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Alcohol dehydrogenase CGSC

aga

70.7

Acetylgalactosamine

Cluster of putative N-acetylgalactosamine pathway genes, including the kba gene, and mannose permease homologs CGSC

aroI

84.2

Aromatic

Function unknown CGSC

azaA

44.6

Azaserine

Mutants azaserine resistant CGSC

azaB

71.9

Azaserine

Mutants azaserine resistant CGSC

azl

58.1

Azaleucine

Mutants azaleucine resistant; regulates ilv and leu CGSC

bfm

85.9

BF23 multiplication

Controls phage BF23 multiplication CGSC

bglT

84.9

-Glucoside

bglE; regulatory gene for BglA CGSC

bioP

86.6

Biotin

bir, birB; biotin transport CGSC

brnR

8.5

Branched chain

PMID:4590465[2]

Mutants valine resistant, glycylvaline sensitive CGSC

brnS

1.2

Branched chain

PMID:4590465[2]

Mutants valine resistant, glycylvaline sensitive CGSC

brnT

65.2

Branched chain

Low-affinity transport of Ile CGSC

bymA

93.2

Bypass maltose

Growth on maltose in MalT cells CGSC

calA

95.0

Calcium

Calcium-proton antiport activity CGSC

calC

15.2

Calcium

Calcium transport; mutants defective in chemotaxis CGSC

calD

9.4

Calcium

Calcium transport; mutants defective in chemotaxis CGSC

cdsS

71.7

CDP diglyceride synthase

Stability of CDP diglyceride synthase CGSC

cpsA

45.4

Capsular polysaccharide synthesis

Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis CGSC

cpsC

45.8

Capsular polysaccharide synthesis

Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis CGSC

cpsD

45.8

Capsular polysaccharide synthesis

Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis CGSC

cpsE

45.8

Capsular polysaccharide synthesis

Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis CGSC

cpsF

90.2

Capsular polysaccharide synthesis

Colanic acid (CPS) biosynthesis CGSC

cpxB

41.3

Conjugative plasmid expression

Phage Q resistance, membrane protein CGSC

crg

28.8

Cold resistant growth

Allows cold-resistant growth CGSC

csiA

85.3

Carbon starvation induced

Stationary phase inducible protein CGSC

csiB

17.4

Carbon starvation induced

Stationary phase inducible protein CGSC

csiC

66.0

Carbon starvation induced

Stationary phase inducible protein CGSC

csiF

8.6

Carbon starvation induced

Stationary phase inducible protein CGSC

cup

97.0

Carbohydrate uptake

Mutants have defective carbohydrate uptake CGSC

cxm

6.3

Carbon-xylose metabolism

cxr; methyl glyoxal synthesis; D-xylose utilization CGSC

cysX

81.5

Cysteine

Reading frame in opposite orientation within cysE gene; polypeptide synthesized in maxicells CGSC

dadQ

98.9

D-Amino acid dehydrogenase

alnR; regulator of dad regulon CGSC

dctB

16.4

Dicarboxylic acid transport

Uptake of C-4 dicarboxylic acids; 3-fluoromalate resistance, D-tartrate resistant CGSC

del

64.3

Deletion

Affects frequency of IS1-mediated deletions; 1,000-fold reduction in deletion frequency CGSC

dgkR

93.7

Diglyceride kinase

Regulatory CGSC

dinY

41.9

Damage inducible

Repair gene CGSC

dnaI

40.3

DNA

DNA biosynthesis CGSC

dppG

14.0

Dipeptide permease

Uptake of dipeptides; dipeptide permease CGSC

dvl

7.4

Dye-visible light?

Sensitivity to SDS and toluidine blue plus light CGSC

ebgB

69.5

Evolved -galactosidase

Cryptic -galactoside utilization, possible paralog of lacY CGSC

envN

4.2

Envelope

Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied CGSC

envP

90.4

Envelope

Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied CGSC

envQ

60.7

Envelope

Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied CGSC

envT

14.2

Envelope

Affects envelope; defects osmotically remedied CGSC

epp

E-pentapeptide

Minigene within 23S rRNA encoding functional pentapeptide; erythromycin resistance CGSC

esp

17.3

Efficiency site for phage

Site for efficient packaging of phage T1 CGSC

exbC

61.5

Export

Uptake of enterochelin; resistance or sensitivity to colicins CGSC

expA

22.2

Export

Expression of a group of export proteins CGSC

fatA

71.7

Fatty acid

Utilization of trans unsaturated fatty acids CGSC

fcsA

86.9

Filamentous, cold sensitive

Cold-sensitive cell division mutant CGSC

fexB

86.7

F exclusion

Affects ArcA phenotype CGSC

fhlB

95.1

Formate hydrogen-lyase

Formate hydrogen-lyase; activated by fhlA CGSC

fipB

86.0

F1 phage

Morphogenesis of phage F1 CGSC

fipC

75.0

F1 phage

Morphogenesis of phage F1 CGSC

flkB

95.4

FKBP-like

Periplasmic PPIase, of FK506-binding protein type (EC 5.2.1.8); contains pipecolic acid residue CGSC

gadR

79.6

Glutamate deCase

Regulatory gene for gat? CGSC

garA

15.8

Glucarate

D-Glucarate utilization CGSC

garB

3.6

Glucarate

D-Glucarate utilization CGSC

glmX

26.2

Glucosamine

Affects suppression of glmS mutations by nagB CGSC

gltE

81.4

Glutamate

Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase; possible regulatory subunit CGSC

gltH

21.8

Glutamate

Growth on glutamate CGSC

gltR

92.3

Glutamate

Growth on glutamate at 42C CGSC

gprA

0.3

Growth of phage, replication

Replication of certain lambdoid phage CGSC

gprB

0.2

Growth of phage, replication

Replication of certain lambdoid phage CGSC

gurC

18.0

Glucuronide

Utilization of glucuronides CGSC

het

84.6

Heterogeneous size

cop; possibly structural gene for DNA-binding protein; near ori CGSC

hslC

19.9

Heat shock locus

Protein expressed as heat shock regulon member CGSC

hslD

24.1

Heat shock locus

Protein expressed as heat shock regulon member CGSC

hslK

40.7

Heat shock locus

Protein expressed as heat shock regulon member CGSC

hslW

94.2

Heat shock locus

Heat-inducible; regulatory gene, near groE CGSC

ilvF

57.0

Isoleucine-valine (requirement)

Production of valine-resistant acetolactate synthase activity CGSC

ilvR

99.9

Isoleucine-valine

CGSC

ilvU

6.4

Isoleucine-valine (requirement)

PMID:385587[3]

Regulation of ileS and modification of Ile tRNA2 and Val tRNA2 CGSC

inm

79.0

Insensitive NG mutagenesis

Susceptibility to mutagenesis by nitrosoguanidine CGSC

isfA

86.0

Inhibits SOS function

Regulatory gene; SOS-related CGSC

ksgB

37.7

Kasugamycin

PMID:6257656[4]

PMID:4570603[5]

High-level resistance to kasugamycin CGSC

ksgC

12.04-12.06

Kasugamycin

PMID:1092672[6]

Resistance to kasugamycin; affects ribosomal protein S2 CGSC

ksgD

30.9

Kasugamycin

PMID:6257656[4]

Resistance to kasugamycin CGSC

leuJ

13.7

Leucine (biosynthesis)

flr; regulation of leu and ilv operons CGSC

leuR

79.3

Leucine

Regulates level of leucyl-tRNA synthetase CGSC

leuY

9.5

Leucine

Regulates level of leucyl-tRNA synthetase CGSC

lev

9.0

Levallorphan

Resistance to levallorphan CGSC

linB

29.3

Lincomycin

High-level lincomycin resistance CGSC

lpcB

68.0

Lipopolysaccharide core

mrc, pon; T-phage resistance, novobiocin sensitivity CGSC

lrb

7.3

L-Ribose (utilization)

Affects NADPH-linked L-ribose reductase activity CGSC

lysX

63.3

Lysine

Lysine excretion CGSC

lytA

60.6

Lytic

Tolerance to -lactams; autolysis CGSC

mafA

0.9

Maintenance of F

PMID:327277[7]

PMID:391803[8]

Maintenance of F-like plasmids CGSC

mafB

1.9

Maintenance of F

PMID:391803[8]

Maintenance of F-like plasmids CGSC

mbrB

88.6

Mothball resistant

PMID:2176633[9]

Resistance to camphor vapors; coupling of cell division and replication, growth rate and partitioning CGSC

meb

78.7

malE bypass

Suppressor of malE secB-defective transport of mal-binding protein CGSC

mglR

16.9

Methyl-galactoside

R-MG; regulatory gene CGSC

mng

40.0

Manganese

Manganese resistance CGSC

mraA

2.0

Murein cluster a

D-Alanine carboxypeptidase CGSC

mul

83.1

Mutability lambda

Mutability in UV-radiated lambda phage CGSC

murH

99.3

Murein

Terminal stage in peptidoglycan synthesis, incorporating disaccharide peptide units into wall CGSC

mutG

43.7

Mutator

Mutation causes high C-to-T mutation in second C of CCAGG; near but distinct from vsr; provisionally termed mutG CGSC

nalB

60.2

Nalidixic acid

PMID:4895844[10]

PMID:8509326[11]

Sensitivity to nalidixic acid (NAL) CGSC

emr locus according to PMID:1409590

neaB

75.0

Neamine

PMID:4604727[12] PMID:358966[13]

Neamine sensitivity CGSC

nfnA

80.8

Nitrofurantoin

PMID:6387400[14]

Nitrofurantoin sensitivity CGSC

nfrD

54.2

N4 (phage) resistant

Phage N4 susceptibility CGSC

non

45.7

Nonmucoid

Affects capsule formation CGSC

oppE

98.9

Oligopeptide permease

PMID:2981814[15]

Oligopeptide transport CGSC

opr

19.0

rpo reversed

Rate of degradation of aberrant RNAP-subunit proteins CGSC

ops

66.1

Overproduction of polysaccharide

Level of exopolysaccharide production CGSC

oriJ

30.5

Origin of replication

Locus in defective prophage rac CGSC

pac

31.0

Phenylacetate

Phenylacetate degradation CGSC

phxB

17.0

Phage X

Adsorption of X154 CGSC

poaR

65.9

Proline oxidase

Regulation of proline oxidase production CGSC

popD

0.2

Porphyrin

5-Aminolevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) CGSC

prlZ

71.4

Protein localization

Suppresses export defects in signal sequence mutations CGSC

proT

83.8

Proline

Proline transport carrier protein, putative CGSC

pus

20.6

Reverse of sup (amber)

Reverses accentuation effects of amber suppressor on relB mutations CGSC

qin

35.1

Q independent

kim; cryptic lambdoid phage CGSC

qmeC

75.3

Q membrane

PMID:4594014[16]

Glycine resistance; penicillin sensitivity; membrane defect CGSC

qmeD

64.4

Q membrane

PMID:4594014[16]

Glycine resistance; penicillin sensitivity; membrane defect CGSC

qmeE

37.9

Q membrane

PMID:4594014[16]

Glycine resistance; penicillin sensitivity; membrane defect CGSC

ras

9.9

Radiation sensitive

Sensitive to X rays and UV CGSC

rdgA

16.1

RecA-dependent growth

Dependence of growth upon recA gene product CGSC

relX

62.8

Relaxed

Control of ppGpp synthesis CGSC

rer

89.9

Resistance to radiation

Resistance to UV and gamma radiation CGSC

ridA

73.1

Rifampin dependence

PMID:7035836[17] (rifampin and Kasugamycin dependence)

PMID:6757665[18]

Rifampin resistance and dependence CGSC

ridB

85.5

Rifampin dependence

PMID:6757665[18] (Mutant is dependent on rifampin)

Transcription and translation; rifampin (rifamycin) sensitivity CGSC

rho

rimB

38.9

Ribosomal modification

50S ribosomal subunit maturation CGSC

rimC

26.2

Ribosomal modification

50S ribosomal subunit maturation CGSC

rimD

87.7

Ribosomal modification

50S ribosomal subunit maturation CGSC

rimE

74.1

Ribosomal modification

Ribosomal protein modification CGSC

rimH

13.6

Ribosomal modification

stsB; ribosomal modification CGSC

rit

89.2

Ribosomal thermolability

Affects thermolability of 50S ribosomal subunit CGSC

rorB

85.1

Roentgen resistance

Sensitivity to ionizing radiation, mitomycin C CGSC

sds

30.4

Suppresses disulfide bond

Motility defects CGSC

semA

40.5

Reduced sensitivity to microcin

PMID:3309133[19]

Sensitivity to microcin E492 CGSC

Has been mapped near pabB gene

serR

2.3

Serine

Regulates level of seryl-tRNA synthetase CGSC

sfiC

25.8

Septum formation inhibition

PMID:3011740[20]

Element of e14, inhibitor of cell division CGSC

sipC

82.6

Suppressor of increased permeability

Mutations reverse the susceptibility to vancomycin and other hydrophobic antibiotics caused by TraT plasmid gene CGSC

sipD

82.7

Suppressor of increased permeability

Same phenotype as that produced by sipC CGSC

sir

61.2

SOS-independent repair

SOS-independent repair of mitomycin C-induced DNA damage CGSC

sloB

75.0

Slow growth

Tolerance for amidinopenicillin and nalidixic acid; slow growth rate CGSC

slrR

60.9

Sorbitol

gutR; regulatory gene for srl CGSC

srnA

9.4

Stable RNA

Degradation of stable RNA CGSC

ssaE

52.5

Suppression secA

Suppresses secA mutations CGSC

ssaG

41.8

Suppression secA

Suppresses secA mutations CGSC

ssaH

94.1

Suppression secA

Suppresses secA mutations CGSC

ssyD

3.0

Suppression of secY

Suppressor of secY mutation CGSC

stfZ

2.3

fts in reverse

PMID:8226652[21]

Antisense RNA blocks ftsZ mRNA translation, only inhibits cell division when overexpressed at high temperatures CGSC

stkA

77.5

Suppressor of transposase killing

Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression CGSC

stkB

86.1

Suppressor of transposase killing

Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression CGSC

stkC

98.5

Suppressor of transposase killing

Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression CGSC

stkD

28.6

Suppressor of transposase killing

Suppresses cell aberrations and death caused by Tn5 transposase overexpression CGSC

strC

7.0

Streptomycin

strB; low-level streptomycin resistance; modifies ribosome structure CGSC

strM

78.3

Streptomycin

asuF?; control of ribosomal ambiguity CGSC

stsA

84.7

Altered RNase activity CGSC

suhA

78.4

Suppressor heat-shock proteins

Induction of heat shock genes CGSC

tabC

86.3

T4 abortion

Mutants fail to support growth of T4 CGSC

tanA

41.6

Trehalose, anaerobic

Anaerobic growth on trehalose CGSC

tanB

68.1

Trehalose, anaerobic

Anaerobic growth on trehalose CGSC

tdi

4.3

Transduction inhibition

Affects transduction, transformation, and rates of mutation CGSC

thdA

10.5

Thiophene degradation

Degradation of furans and thiophenes; may be tlnA? CGSC

psu

1.3 min

polarity suppressor

PMID:8380152[22]

hepA

thdC

94.2

Thiophene degradation

Degradation of furans and thiophenes CGSC

thdD

99.8

Thiophene degradation

Degradation of furans and thiophenes CGSC

ackB

39 min

acetate kinase

PMID:7033467[23]

Ack- mutants were defective in aerobic growth on acetate or glucose as well as acetate accumulation from glucose & mapped near 39' (ackA mapped to ~50'). CGSC

tlnA

10.5

Thiolutin

tlnI; resistance or sensitivity to thiolutin; may be thdA? CGSC

alaB

alanine-glutamate transaminase

PMID:2890623[24]

alaB was found to be capable of multi-copy suppression of an alanine auxotrophy.

tnm

92.0

Tn migration

Transposition of Tn9 and other transposons, development of phage Mu CGSC

dgd

D-galactose dehydrogenase

tolD

22.9

Tolerance

Bacteriocin tolerant; tolerance to colicins E2, E3, and ampicillin CGSC

treE

catabolic trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase

PMID:8391102[25]

In the absence of osmotic stress, trehalose induces converstion to free glucose and a glucose polymer, in a pathway involving TreE.

tolE

22.9

Tolerance

Bacteriocin tolerant; tolerance to colicins E2, E3, and ampicillin CGSC

tolI

0.1

Tolerance

Bacteriocin tolerant; sensitivity to colicins Ia and Ib CGSC

tolJ

0.1

Tolerance

Bacteriocin tolerant; sensitivity to L, A, S4, E, and K CGSC

tsmA

40.1

Thymine suppression modifier

Affects suppression efficiency for nonsense and frameshift mutations of Thy strains CGSC

ups

27.1

Up-suppression

PMID:345090[26]

Increases efficiency of nonsense suppressors

CGSC

Proposed to be an allele of prfA[27]

uvh

90.2

UV hyperresistant to UVC

PMID:8988611[28]

Resistance to UVC, peroxide and antibiotics; may affect SOS repair CGSC

uvs

91.1

UV sensitivity

PMID:8988611[28]

UV-sensitive mutants, locus linked to uvr CGSC

adhB

19.1

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Alcohol dehydrogenase CGSC

tlmR

57.5 min

Thiolactomycin resistance.

PMID:8509326[11]

emrB

hipQ

.7 minfrom the leu locus (2 min)

Persistence

PMID:1963289[29]

High persistence mutation.



References

See Help:References for how to manage references in EcoliWiki.

  1. ↑ Berlyn, MK (1998) Linkage map of Escherichia coli K-12, edition 10: the traditional map. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62 814-984 PubMed
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Guardiola, J et al. (1974) Mutations affecting the different transport systems for isoleucine, leucine, and valine in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 117 393-405 PubMed
  3. ↑ Fayerman, JT et al. (1979) ilvU, a locus in Escherichia coli affecting the derepression of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase and the RPC-5 chromatographic profiles of tRNAIle and tRNAVal. J. Biol. Chem. 254 9429-40 PubMed
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fouts, KE & Barbour, SD (1981) Transductional mapping of ksgB and a new Tn5-induced kasugamycin resistance gene, ksgD, in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 145 914-9 PubMed
  5. ↑ Sparling, PF et al. (1973) Two genetic loci for resistance to kasugamycin in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 113 704-10 PubMed
  6. ↑ Yoshikawa, M et al. (1975) A third kasugamycin resistance locus, ksgC, affecting ribosomal protein S2 in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 122 796-7 PubMed
  7. ↑ Wada, C et al. (1977) Replication of Fpoh+ plasmid in mafA mutants of Escherichia coli defective in plasmid maintenance. Mol. Gen. Genet. 152 211-7 PubMed
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wada, C & Yura, T (1979) Escherichia coli mutants incapable of supporting replication of F-like plasmids at high temperature: isolation and characterization of mafA and mafB mutants. J. Bacteriol. 140 864-73 PubMed
  9. ↑ Trun, NJ & Gottesman, S (1990) On the bacterial cell cycle: Escherichia coli mutants with altered ploidy. Genes Dev. 4 2036-47 PubMed
  10. ↑ Hane, MW & Wood, TH (1969) Escherichia coli K-12 mutants resistant to nalidixic acid: genetic mapping and dominance studies. J. Bacteriol. 99 238-41 PubMed
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Furukawa, H et al. (1993) Thiolactomycin resistance in Escherichia coli is associated with the multidrug resistance efflux pump encoded by emrAB. J. Bacteriol. 175 3723-9 PubMed
  12. ↑ Cannon, M et al. (1974) Mapping of neamine resistance: identification to two genetic loci, nea A and nea B. Mol. Gen. Genet. 130 321-6 PubMed
  13. ↑ Delcuve, G et al. (1978) Resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotic neamine in Escherichia coli. A new mutant whose NeaR phenotype results from the cumulative effects of two distinct mutations. Biochem. J. 174 1-7 PubMed
  14. ↑ Sastry, SS & Jayaraman, R (1984) Nitrofurantoin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli: isolation and mapping. Mol. Gen. Genet. 196 379-80 PubMed
  15. ↑ Andrews, JC & Short, SA (1985) Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli oligopeptide transport mutants. J. Bacteriol. 161 484-92 PubMed
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Wijsman, HJ & Pafort, HC (1974) Pleiotropic mutations in Escherichia coli conferring tolerance to glycine and sensitivity to penicillin. Mol. Gen. Genet. 128 349-57 PubMed
  17. ↑ Dabbs, ER & Looman, K (1981) An antibiotic dependent conditional lethal mutant with a lesion affecting transcription and translation. Mol. Gen. Genet. 184 224-9 PubMed
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Dabbs, ER (1982) Three additional loci of rifampicin dependence in Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 187 519-22 PubMed
  19. ↑ Pugsley, AP et al. (1986) Microcin-E492-insensitive mutants of Escherichia coli K12. J. Gen. Microbiol. 132 3253-9 PubMed
  20. ↑ Maguin, E et al. (1986) Reversibility of SOS-associated division inhibition in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 166 733-8 PubMed
  21. ↑ Dewar, SJ & Donachie, WD (1993) Antisense transcription of the ftsZ-ftsA gene junction inhibits cell division in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 175 7097-101 PubMed
  22. ↑ Ephrati-Elizur, E (1993) A mutation in a new gene of Escherichia coli, psu, requires secondary mutations for survival: psu mutants express a pleiotropic suppressor phenotype. J. Bacteriol. 175 207-13 PubMed
  23. ↑ Pascal, MC et al. (1981) Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 with defects in anaerobic pyruvate metabolism. J. Gen. Microbiol. 124 35-42 PubMed
  24. ↑ Wang, MD et al. (1987) Cloning of genes that suppress an Escherichia coli K-12 alanine auxotroph when present in multicopy plasmids. J. Bacteriol. 169 5610-4 PubMed
  25. ↑ Strøm, AR & Kaasen, I (1993) Trehalose metabolism in Escherichia coli: stress protection and stress regulation of gene expression. Mol. Microbiol. 8 205-10 PubMed
  26. ↑ Davidoff-Abelson, R & Mindich, L (1978) A mutation that increases the activity of nonsense suppressors in Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 159 161-9 PubMed
  27. ↑ Riley, M (1993) Functions of the gene products of Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 57 862-952 PubMed
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Ahmad, SI (1996) A mutant of Escherichia coli hyper-resistant to a number of DNA damaging agents: location of the mutational site. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol. 36 47-53 PubMed
  29. ↑ Wolfson, JS et al. (1990) Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 exhibiting reduced killing by both quinolone and beta-lactam antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34 1938-43 PubMed