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		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:340905&amp;diff=1491348</id>
		<title>PMID:340905</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:340905&amp;diff=1491348"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:37:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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{|   id=&amp;quot;U53afec7b6ade0&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Isaksson, LA, Sköld, SE, Skjöldebrand, J and Takata, R&#039;&#039;&#039;  (1977) A procedure for isolation of spontaneous mutants with temperature sensitive of RNA and/or protein. &#039;&#039;Mol. Gen. Genet.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;156&#039;&#039;&#039;:233-7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
A procedure for the isolation of spontaneous temperature sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli has been developed. They are selected as survivors at high temperature against the combined killing effects exerted by a temperature inducible lambda prophage and either streptomycin plus ampillicin or ampicillin plus cycloserine. The mutants so obtained are blocked in vivo in the synthesis of RNA or protein or both at restrictive temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
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!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
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[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=340905 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis; Escherichia coli/genetics; Escherichia coli/isolation &amp;amp; purification; Genetic Techniques; Hot Temperature; Mutation; RNA, Bacterial/biosynthesis&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:340905&amp;diff=1491347</id>
		<title>PMID:340905</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:340905&amp;diff=1491347"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:37:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16589857&amp;diff=1491346</id>
		<title>PMID:16589857</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16589857&amp;diff=1491346"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:33:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Skaar, PD&#039;&#039;&#039;  (1956) A BINARY MUTABILITY SYSTEM IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. &#039;&#039;Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;42&#039;&#039;&#039;:245-9&lt;br /&gt;
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!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
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No abstract in PubMed&lt;br /&gt;
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[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=16589857 PubMed] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528262 PMC528262]&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16589857&amp;diff=1491345</id>
		<title>PMID:16589857</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16589857&amp;diff=1491345"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:33:39Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:20232198&amp;diff=1491344</id>
		<title>PMID:20232198</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:20232198&amp;diff=1491344"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:06:31Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;T53afe526e5948&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Budynek, P, Dabrowska, K, Skaradziński, G and Górski, A&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2010) Bacteriophages and cancer. &#039;&#039;Arch. Microbiol.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;192&#039;&#039;&#039;:315-20&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Bacteriophages can be used effectively to cure bacterial infections. They are known to be active against bacteria but inactive against eukaryotic cells. Nevertheless, novel observations suggest that phages are not neutral for higher organisms. They can affect physiological and immunological processes which may be crucial to their expected positive effects in therapies. Bacteriophages are a very differentiated group of viruses and at least some of them can influence cancer processes. Phages may also affect the immunological system. In general, they activate the immunological response, for example cytokine secretion. They can also switch the tumor microenvironment to one advantageous for anticancer treatment. On the other hand, bacteriophages are used as a platform for foreign peptides that may induce anticancer effects. As bacterial debris can interfere with bacteriophage activity, phage purification is significant for the final effect of a phage preparation. In this review, results of the influence of bacteriophages on cancer processes are presented which have implications for the perspective application of phage therapy in patients with cancer and the general understanding of the role of bacteriophages in the human organism.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=20232198 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-010-0559-7 10.1007/s00203-010-0559-7]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Bacteriophages/genetics; Bacteriophages/immunology; Bacteriophages/physiology; Humans; Neoplasms/therapy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
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		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:20232198&amp;diff=1491343</id>
		<title>PMID:20232198</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:20232198&amp;diff=1491343"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:06:30Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19154575&amp;diff=1491342</id>
		<title>PMID:19154575</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19154575&amp;diff=1491342"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:06:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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{|   id=&amp;quot;X53afe51c2f09c&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Dabrowska, K, Skaradziński, G, Jończyk, P, Kurzepa, A, Wietrzyk, J, Owczarek, B, Zaczek, M, Switała-Jeleń, K, Boratyński, J, Poźniak, G, Maciejewska, M and Górski, A&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2009) The effect of bacteriophages T4 and HAP1 on in vitro melanoma migration. &#039;&#039;BMC Microbiol.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;9&#039;&#039;&#039;:13&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
The antibacterial activity of bacteriophages has been described rather well. However, knowledge about the direct interactions of bacteriophages with mammalian organisms and their other, i.e. non-antibacterial, activities in mammalian systems is quite scarce. It must be emphasised that bacteriophages are natural parasites of bacteria, which in turn are parasites or symbionts of mammals (including humans). Bacteriophages are constantly present in mammalian bodies and the environment in great amounts. On the other hand, the perspective of the possible use of bacteriophage preparations for antibacterial therapies in cancer patients generates a substantial need to investigate the effects of phages on cancer processes.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
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[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=19154575 PubMed] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2639589 PMC2639589]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-13 10.1186/1471-2180-9-13]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Animals; Bacteriophage T4/physiology; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Collagen/metabolism; Drug Combinations; Fibronectins/metabolism; Humans; Laminin/metabolism; Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism; Mice; Proteoglycans/metabolism&lt;br /&gt;
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==Significance {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}} ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
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		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19154575&amp;diff=1491341</id>
		<title>PMID:19154575</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19154575&amp;diff=1491341"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:06:20Z</updated>

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		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:18166233&amp;diff=1491340</id>
		<title>PMID:18166233</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:18166233&amp;diff=1491340"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:05:57Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;W53afe504afcad&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Pajtasz-Piasecka, E, Rossowska, J, Duś, D, Weber-Dabrowska, B, Zabłocka, A and Górski, A&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2008) Bacteriophages support anti-tumor response initiated by DC-based vaccine against murine transplantable colon carcinoma. &#039;&#039;Immunol. Lett.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;116&#039;&#039;&#039;:24-32&lt;br /&gt;
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!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Bacteriophages in eukaryotic hosts may behave as particulate antigens able to activate the innate immune system and generate adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the initiation of the immune response, mainly by priming T cell-mediated immunity. For this reason, they are increasingly applied as an adjuvant for effective anti-tumor therapies in animal models as well as in a few clinical trials. The presented study focused on the application of mouse DCs which were activated with T4 bacteriophages (T4 phages, T4) and further loaded with tumor antigens (TAg) in inducing an anti-tumor response. The activation of bone marrow-derived DCs with T4 phages and TAg resulted in augmentation of their differentiation marker expression accompanied by an enhanced ability to prime T cells for IFN-gamma production. These activated DCs (BM-DC/T4+TAg) were used in experimental immunotherapy of C57BL/6 mice bearing advanced MC38 colon carcinoma tumors. As a result of their triple application, a significant tumor growth delay, up to 19 days, was observed compared with the controls - treated with BM-DCs activated only with T4 phages, TAg, or lipopolysaccharide solution [&amp;quot;solvent&amp;quot;], where the tumor growth delay did not exceed 7 days. The percentage of tumor growth inhibition estimated 10 days after the third cell injection ranged from 32% (for animals treated with BM-DC/TAg cells) to 76% (for animals treated with BM-DC/T4+TAg cells) over the tumor-bearing untreated control mice. The obtained data indicate that in vitro interactions between T4 phages and BM-DCs followed by TAg activation caused augmentation of the anti-tumor effect when DCs were used as a vaccine for tumor-bearing mice treatment. Therefore, pretreatment of DCs with the phages may be considered as a beneficial element of a novel strategy in anti-tumor immunotherapy.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
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[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=18166233 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2007.11.004 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.11.004]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Animals; Antigen Presentation; Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology; Antigens, Viral/immunology; Bacteriophage T4/immunology; Cell Line, Tumor; Colonic Neoplasms/immunology; Colonic Neoplasms/therapy; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Dendritic Cells/immunology; Dendritic Cells/virology; Female; Immunity, Cellular; Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods; Interferon-gamma/secretion; Lymphocyte Activation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neoplasm Transplantation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:18166233&amp;diff=1491339</id>
		<title>PMID:18166233</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:18166233&amp;diff=1491339"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:05:56Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19234207&amp;diff=1491338</id>
		<title>PMID:19234207</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19234207&amp;diff=1491338"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:05:55Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;X53afe502a6dc1&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Eriksson, F, Tsagozis, P, Lundberg, K, Parsa, R, Mangsbo, SM, Persson, MA, Harris, RA and Pisa, P&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2009) Tumor-specific bacteriophages induce tumor destruction through activation of tumor-associated macrophages. &#039;&#039;J. Immunol.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;182&#039;&#039;&#039;:3105-11&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
We recently reported that administration of tumor-specific bacteriophages initiates infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes with subsequent regression of established B16 tumors. The aim of the current study was to investigate the mechanism of action of bacteriophage-induced tumor regression and to examine possible stimulatory effects of bacteriophages on macrophages. We observed that the mechanism of phage-induced tumor regression is TLR dependent as no signs of tumor destruction or neutrophil infiltration were observed in tumors in MyD88(-/-) mice in which TLR signaling is abolished. The microenvironment of bacteriophage-treated tumors was further analyzed by gene profiling through applying a low-density array preferentially designed to detect genes expressed by activated APCs, which demonstrated that the M2-polarized tumor microenvironment switched to a more M1-polarized milieu following phage treatment. Bacteriophage stimulation induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in both normal mouse macrophages and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and increased expression of molecules involved in Ag presentation and costimulation. Furthermore, mouse neutrophils selectively migrated toward mediators secreted by bacteriophage-stimulated TAMs. Under these conditions, the neutrophils also exhibited increased cytotoxicity toward B16 mouse melanoma target cells. These results describe a close interplay of the innate immune system in which bacteriophages, located to the tumor microenvironment due to their specificity, stimulate TAMs to secrete factors that promote recruitment of neutrophils and potentiate neutrophil-mediated tumor destruction.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=19234207 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0800224 10.4049/jimmunol.0800224]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Animals; Apoptosis/immunology; Bacteriophage M13/immunology; Cell Line, Tumor; Cells, Cultured; Coculture Techniques; Female; Macrophage Activation/immunology; Macrophages/immunology; Macrophages/pathology; Macrophages/virology; Melanoma, Experimental/immunology; Melanoma, Experimental/pathology; Melanoma, Experimental/therapy; Melanoma, Experimental/virology; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/deficiency; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics; Toll-Like Receptors/physiology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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|&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_editLink plainlinks&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[{{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}?title=Special:TableEdit&amp;amp;id=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183634.X53afe502a6dc1&amp;amp;page=183634&amp;amp;pagename={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&amp;amp;type=1&amp;amp;template=PMID_info_table edit table]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ||&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19234207&amp;diff=1491337</id>
		<title>PMID:19234207</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19234207&amp;diff=1491337"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:05:54Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:24672796&amp;diff=1491336</id>
		<title>PMID:24672796</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:24672796&amp;diff=1491336"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:05:31Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;C53afe4eae59d1&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Jin, SE, Jin, HE and Hong, SS&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2014) Targeted Delivery System of Nanobiomaterials in Anticancer Therapy: From Cells to Clinics. &#039;&#039;Biomed Res Int&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;2014&#039;&#039;&#039;:814208&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Targeted delivery systems of nanobiomaterials are necessary to be developed for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Nanobiomaterials can be engineered to recognize cancer-specific receptors at the cellular levels and to deliver anticancer drugs into the diseased sites. In particular, nanobiomaterial-based nanocarriers, so-called nanoplatforms, are the design of the targeted delivery systems such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles/micelles, nanoconjugates, norganic materials, carbon-based nanobiomaterials, and bioinspired phage system, which are based on the nanosize of 1-100 nm in diameter. In this review, the design and the application of these nanoplatforms are discussed at the cellular levels as well as in the clinics. We believe that this review can offer recent advances in the targeted delivery systems of nanobiomaterials regarding in vitro and in vivo applications and the translation of nanobiomaterials to nanomedicine in anticancer therapy.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
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||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=24672796 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/814208 10.1155/2014/814208]&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:24672796&amp;diff=1491335</id>
		<title>PMID:24672796</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:24672796&amp;diff=1491335"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:05:30Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19649921&amp;diff=1491334</id>
		<title>PMID:19649921</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19649921&amp;diff=1491334"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:05:30Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;U53afe4e9bbd35&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Górski, A, Miedzybrodzki, R, Borysowski, J, Weber-Dabrowska, B, Lobocka, M, Fortuna, W, Letkiewicz, S, Zimecki, M and Filby, G&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2009) Bacteriophage therapy for the treatment of infections. &#039;&#039;Curr Opin Investig Drugs&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;10&#039;&#039;&#039;:766-74&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Increasing levels of antibiotic resistance constitutes one of the main challenges in medicine today, and has increased interest in the potential use of alternative antibacterial agents. One of the most interesting &#039;classes&#039; of novel antibacterials used to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria is bacteriophages, which are viruses that specifically infect and kill bacterial cells. This review discusses the current status of bacteriophage therapy, including the experience of one expert center specializing in this form of treatment.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
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[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=19649921 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
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Bacterial Infections/prevention &amp;amp; control; Bacterial Infections/therapy; Bacteriophages; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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|}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Significance {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}} ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19649921&amp;diff=1491333</id>
		<title>PMID:19649921</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19649921&amp;diff=1491333"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:05:29Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:15266928&amp;diff=1491332</id>
		<title>PMID:15266928</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:15266928&amp;diff=1491332"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:05:16Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;S53afe4dba7bad&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Mathur, MD, Vidhani, S and Mehndiratta, PL&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2003) Bacteriophage therapy: an alternative to conventional antibiotics. &#039;&#039;J Assoc Physicians India&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;51&#039;&#039;&#039;:593-6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Bacteriophage therapy is an important alternative to antibiotics in the current era of multidrug resistant pathogens. We reviewed the studies that dealt with the therapeutic use of phages from 1966-1996 and few latest ongoing phage therapy projects via internet. Phages were used topically, orally or systemically in Polish and Soviet studies. The success rate found in these studies was 80-95% with few gastrointeslinal or allergic side effects. British studies also demonstrated significant efficacy of phages against Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp and Staphylococcus aureus. US studies dealt with improving the bioavailability of phage. Problems faced in these studies have also been discussed. In conclusion, phage therapy may prove as an important alternative to antibiotics for treating multidrug resistant pathogens.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
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||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=15266928 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Animals; Bacterial Infections/therapy; Bacteriophages; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_footer&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
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		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:15266928&amp;diff=1491331</id>
		<title>PMID:15266928</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:15266928&amp;diff=1491331"/>
		<updated>2014-06-29T10:05:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16829521&amp;diff=1491279</id>
		<title>PMID:16829521</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16829521&amp;diff=1491279"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T03:41:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{RightTOC}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{|   id=&amp;quot;S53a650873be42&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Pani, B, Banerjee, S, Chalissery, J, Muralimohan, A, Abishek, M, Loganathan, RM, Suganthan, RB and Sen, R&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2006) Mechanism of inhibition of Rho-dependent transcription termination by bacteriophage P4 protein Psu. &#039;&#039;J. Biol. Chem.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;281&#039;&#039;&#039;:26491-500&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Psu, a coat protein from bacteriophage P4, has been shown to inhibit Rho-dependent transcription termination in vivo. Co-overexpression of Psu and Rho led to the loss of viability of the cells, which is the consequence of the anti-Rho activity of the protein. The antitermination property of Psu is abolished either by the deletion of 10 or 20 amino acids from its C terminus or by a mutation, Y80C, in Rho. All these experiments indicated probable interactions between Rho and Psu. Purified Psu protein is alpha-helical in nature and appeared to be a dimer. Co-purification of Rho and wild-type Psu on an affinity matrix and co-elution of both of them in Superose-6 gel filtration suggests a direct association of these proteins, whereas a C terminus 10-amino acid deletion derivative of Psu failed to be pulled down in this assay. This indicates that the loss of the function of these mutants is correlated with their inability to interact with each other. In vitro termination assays revealed that Psu can inhibit Rho-dependent termination specifically in a concentration-dependent manner. The presence of Psu affected the affinity of ATP and reduced the rate of ATPase activity of Rho but did not affect either primary or secondary RNA binding activities. In the presence of Psu, Rho was also observed to release RNA very slowly from a stalled elongation complex. We propose that Psu inhibits Rho-dependent termination by slowing down the translocation of Rho along the RNA because of its slow ATPase activity.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=16829521 PubMed] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1950596 PMC1950596]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M603982200 10.1074/jbc.M603982200]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism; Capsid Proteins/genetics; Capsid Proteins/metabolism; Coliphages/genetics; Coliphages/metabolism; Escherichia coli/genetics; Escherichia coli/metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Multiprotein Complexes; Mutation; Protein Binding; Rho Factor/genetics; Rho Factor/metabolism; Transcription, Genetic&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_footer&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
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|}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16829521&amp;diff=1491278</id>
		<title>PMID:16829521</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16829521&amp;diff=1491278"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T03:41:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=Category:GO:0031554_!_regulation_of_DNA-dependent_transcription,_termination&amp;diff=1491277</id>
		<title>Category:GO:0031554 ! regulation of DNA-dependent transcription, termination</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=Category:GO:0031554_!_regulation_of_DNA-dependent_transcription,_termination&amp;diff=1491277"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T03:41:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New GO term category page&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{GO term stub|GO:0031554_!_regulation_of_DNA-dependent_transcription,_termination}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:1917872&amp;diff=1491276</id>
		<title>PMID:1917872</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:1917872&amp;diff=1491276"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T03:25:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{RightTOC}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{|   id=&amp;quot;Z53a64ca126867&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Schaefer, TS and Hays, JB&#039;&#039;&#039;  (1991) Bacteriophage P1 Bof protein is an indirect positive effector of transcription of the phage bac-1 ban gene in some circumstances and a direct negative effector in other circumstances. &#039;&#039;J. Bacteriol.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;173&#039;&#039;&#039;:6469-74&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Previous genetic studies have suggested that the Bof protein of bacteriophage P1 can act as both a negative and a positive regulator of phage gene expression: in bof-1 prophages, the ref gene and a putative phage ssb gene are derepressed, but expression of an operator-semiconstitutive variant of the phage ban gene (bac-1) is markedly reduced. An explanation of this apparent duality is suggested by recent reports that Bof is a corepressor of genes that are regulated by the phage C1 repressor, including the autoregulated c1 gene itself. Here we show, by means of operon fusions to lacZ, that the balance points between Bof-mediated decreases in c1 expression and Bof-mediated increases in C1 efficacy are different among various C1-regulated genes. Thus, expression of Bof by P1 prophages affects some genes (e.g., bac-1 ban) positively, and others (e.g., ref) negatively. Even at bac-1 ban, where the positive indirect effect of Bof is physiologically dominant, Bof can be seen to act as a corepressor if C1 is supplied from a nonautoregulated (ptac-c1) source, eliminating the effect of Bof on C1 synthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=1917872 PubMed] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC208982 PMC208982]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Bacteriophages/genetics; Base Sequence; Coliphages/genetics; Escherichia coli/metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/genetics; Genes, Regulator/genetics; Genes, Viral/genetics; Molecular Sequence Data; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis; Viral Proteins/genetics; beta-Galactosidase/genetics&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_footer&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_editLink plainlinks&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[{{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}?title=Special:TableEdit&amp;amp;id=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183614.Z53a64ca126867&amp;amp;page=183614&amp;amp;pagename={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&amp;amp;type=1&amp;amp;template=PMID_info_table edit table]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ||&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:1917872&amp;diff=1491275</id>
		<title>PMID:1917872</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:1917872&amp;diff=1491275"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T03:25:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=Category:GO:0006351_!_cellular_transcription,_DNA-dependent&amp;diff=1491274</id>
		<title>Category:GO:0006351 ! cellular transcription, DNA-dependent</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=Category:GO:0006351_!_cellular_transcription,_DNA-dependent&amp;diff=1491274"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T03:25:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New GO term category page&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{GO term stub|GO:0006351_!_cellular_transcription,_DNA-dependent}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:10515938&amp;diff=1491273</id>
		<title>PMID:10515938</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:10515938&amp;diff=1491273"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T03:20:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{RightTOC}}&lt;br /&gt;
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* &lt;br /&gt;
*   ** PLEASE DON&#039;T EDIT THIS TABLE DIRECTLY.  Use the edit table link under the table. ** &lt;br /&gt;
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****************************************************************************************** --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|   id=&amp;quot;Z53a64b60388b9&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Lehnherr, H, Bendtsen, JD, Preuss, F and Ilyina, TV&#039;&#039;&#039;  (1999) Identification and characterization of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein of bacteriophage P1. &#039;&#039;J. Bacteriol.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;181&#039;&#039;&#039;:6463-8&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
The genome of bacteriophage P1 harbors a gene coding for a 162-amino-acid protein which shows 66% amino acid sequence identity to the Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB). The expression of the P1 gene is tightly regulated by P1 immunity proteins. It is completely repressed during lysogenic growth and only weakly expressed during lytic growth, as assayed by an ssb-P1/lacZ fusion construct. When cloned on an intermediate-copy-number plasmid, the P1 gene is able to suppress the temperature-sensitive defect of an E. coli ssb mutant, indicating that the two proteins are functionally interchangeable. Many bacteriophages and conjugative plasmids do not rely on the SSB protein provided by their host organism but code for their own SSB proteins. However, the close relationship between SSB-P1 and the SSB protein of the P1 host, E. coli, raises questions about the functional significance of the phage protein.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=10515938 PubMed] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC103783 PMC103783]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Amino Acid Sequence; Bacteriolysis; Bacteriophage P1/genetics; Bacteriophage P1/growth &amp;amp; development; Base Sequence; Conserved Sequence; DNA, Single-Stranded; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics; Escherichia coli/virology; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genes, Viral; Genetic Complementation Test; Molecular Sequence Data; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Restriction Mapping; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Viral Proteins/genetics&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--box uid=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183612.Z53a64b60388b9--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:10515938&amp;diff=1491272</id>
		<title>PMID:10515938</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:10515938&amp;diff=1491272"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T03:20:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23755967&amp;diff=1491271</id>
		<title>PMID:23755967</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23755967&amp;diff=1491271"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:51:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;McCallin, S, Alam Sarker, S, Barretto, C, Sultana, S, Berger, B, Huq, S, Krause, L, Bibiloni, R, Schmitt, B, Reuteler, G and Brüssow, H&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2013) Safety analysis of a Russian phage cocktail: from metagenomic analysis to oral application in healthy human subjects. &#039;&#039;Virology&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;443&#039;&#039;&#039;:187-96&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Phage therapy has a long tradition in Eastern Europe, where preparations are comprised of complex phage cocktails whose compositions have not been described. We investigated the composition of a phage cocktail from the Russian pharmaceutical company Microgen targeting Escherichia coli/Proteus infections. Electron microscopy identified six phage types, with numerically T7-like phages dominating over T4-like phages. A metagenomic approach using taxonomical classification, reference mapping and de novo assembly identified 18 distinct phage types, including 7 genera of Podoviridae, 2 established and 2 proposed genera of Myoviridae, and 2 genera of Siphoviridae. De novo assembly yielded 7 contigs greater than 30 kb, including a 147-kb Myovirus genome and a 42-kb genome of a potentially new phage. Bioinformatic analysis did not reveal undesired genes and a small human volunteer trial did not associate adverse effects with oral phage exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=23755967 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.022 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.022]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Administration, Oral; Bacteriophages/classification; Bacteriophages/genetics; Bacteriophages/ultrastructure; Biological Therapy/adverse effects; Biological Therapy/methods; Escherichia coli Infections/therapy; Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification; Gram-Negative Bacteria/virology; Humans; Metagenomics/methods; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Myoviridae/classification; Myoviridae/genetics; Myoviridae/ultrastructure; Podoviridae/classification; Podoviridae/genetics; Podoviridae/ultrastructure; Proteus Infections/therapy; Russia; Siphoviridae/classification; Siphoviridae/genetics; Siphoviridae/ultrastructure; Treatment Outcome&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23755967&amp;diff=1491270</id>
		<title>PMID:23755967</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23755967&amp;diff=1491270"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:51:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:22748807&amp;diff=1491269</id>
		<title>PMID:22748807</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:22748807&amp;diff=1491269"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:51:29Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;V53a644b128b0c&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Chanishvili, N&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2012) Phage therapy--history from Twort and d&#039;Herelle through Soviet experience to current approaches. &#039;&#039;Adv. Virus Res.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;83&#039;&#039;&#039;:3-40&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Felix d&#039;Herelle proposed the use of bacteriophages for the therapy of human and animal bacterial infections at the beginning of the 20th century. This approach, however, was not widely accepted in the West. After the emergence of antibiotics in 1940s, phage research was diverted to a more fundamental level. At the same time, phage therapy was widely practiced in the Soviet Union due to collaboration of Felix d&#039;Herelle with his Georgian colleagues. The majority of the articles dedicated to this subject are from the 1930s and 1940s. The old Soviet literature indicates that phage therapy was used extensively to treat a wide range of bacterial infections in the areas of dermatology (Beridze, 1938), ophthalmology (Rodigina, 1938), urology (Tsulukidze, 1938), stomatology (Ruchko and Tretyak, 1936), pediatrics (Alexandrova et al., 1935; Lurie, 1938), otolaryngology (Ermolieva, 1939), and surgery (Tsulukidze, 1940, 1941). These articles were published in Russian and thus were not readily available to Western scientists. The Western skepticism toward phage therapy itself was again followed by renewed interest and reappraisal, mainly due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Often the experiments described in the old Soviet articles were not designed properly: the use of placebos and the coding of preparations were absent from most of the studies, number of patients in the experimental and control groups was unequal or missing, sometimes no control groups were used at all, or patients treated previously unsuccessfully with antibiotics were employed as an experimental group and as control. The results obtained and the efficiency of phage prophylaxis were estimated by comparing with results obtained in previous years. In most publications, phage titers and descriptions of methods used for evaluation of the results are not specified. Nevertheless, past experience indicates some effectiveness of phage therapy and prophylaxis. Therefore, these clinical results should not be neglected when designing any future studies.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=22748807 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394438-2.00001-3 10.1016/B978-0-12-394438-2.00001-3]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Bacterial Infections/therapy; Bacteriophages/growth &amp;amp; development; Biological Products/therapeutic use; Biological Therapy/history; Biological Therapy/methods; Biomedical Research/methods; Clinical Protocols; Clinical Trials as Topic; Complementary Therapies/history; Complementary Therapies/methods; History, 20th Century; Humans; USSR&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_footer&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_editLink plainlinks&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[{{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}?title=Special:TableEdit&amp;amp;id=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183610.V53a644b128b0c&amp;amp;page=183610&amp;amp;pagename={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&amp;amp;type=1&amp;amp;template=PMID_info_table edit table]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ||&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitLinks}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:22748807&amp;diff=1491268</id>
		<title>PMID:22748807</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:22748807&amp;diff=1491268"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:51:29Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:17855060&amp;diff=1491267</id>
		<title>PMID:17855060</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:17855060&amp;diff=1491267"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:51:11Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;U53a6449fa9448&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;D&#039;Herelle, F&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2007) On an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli: brief note by Mr. F. D&#039;Herelle, presented by Mr. Roux. 1917. &#039;&#039;Res. Microbiol.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;158&#039;&#039;&#039;:553-4&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
No abstract in PubMed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=17855060 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2007.07.005 10.1016/j.resmic.2007.07.005]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Bacteriophages; Dysentery, Bacillary/microbiology; History, 20th Century; Humans; Shigella/virology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_footer&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_editLink plainlinks&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[{{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}?title=Special:TableEdit&amp;amp;id=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183609.U53a6449fa9448&amp;amp;page=183609&amp;amp;pagename={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&amp;amp;type=1&amp;amp;template=PMID_info_table edit table]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ||&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--box uid=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183609.U53a6449fa9448--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Significance {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}} ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:17855060&amp;diff=1491266</id>
		<title>PMID:17855060</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:17855060&amp;diff=1491266"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:51:11Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23231482&amp;diff=1491265</id>
		<title>PMID:23231482</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23231482&amp;diff=1491265"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:53Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;I53a6448da67bb&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Keen, EC&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2012) Felix d&#039;Herelle and our microbial future. &#039;&#039;Future Microbiol&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;7&#039;&#039;&#039;:1337-9&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
No abstract in PubMed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=23231482 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.115 10.2217/fmb.12.115]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Animals; Bacteria/pathogenicity; Bacteria/virology; Bacterial Infections/therapy; Bacteriophages/growth &amp;amp; development; Biological Therapy/methods; History, 20th Century; Humans; Pest Control, Biological/methods&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_footer&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
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|}&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
==Significance {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}} ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23231482&amp;diff=1491264</id>
		<title>PMID:23231482</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23231482&amp;diff=1491264"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:53Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16537404&amp;diff=1491263</id>
		<title>PMID:16537404</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16537404&amp;diff=1491263"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:52Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;P53a6448c31a87&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Jensen, MA, Faruque, SM, Mekalanos, JJ and Levin, BR&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2006) Modeling the role of bacteriophage in the control of cholera outbreaks. &#039;&#039;Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;103&#039;&#039;&#039;:4652-7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Cholera is a waterborne diarrheal disease that continues to plague the developing world. Individuals become infected by consuming water from reservoirs contaminated by virulent strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Epidemiological and environmental observations of a cholera outbreak in Dhaka, Bangladesh, suggest that lytic bacteriophage specific for V. cholerae may limit the severity of cholera outbreaks by killing bacteria present in the reservoir and in infected individuals. To quantify this idea and generate testable hypotheses, we analyzed a mathematical model that combines the epidemiology of cholera with the population dynamics of the bacteria and phage. Under biologically reasonable conditions, we found that vibriophage can ameliorate cholera outbreaks. If phage predation limits bacterial density before an outbreak, a transient reduction in phage density can disrupt that limitation, and subsequent bacterial growth can initiate a cholera outbreak. The severity of the outbreak depends on the density of phage remaining in the reservoir. If the outbreak is initiated instead by a rise in bacterial density, the introduction of phage can reduce the severity of the outbreak and promote its decline. In both situations, the magnitude of the phage effect depends mainly on vibrio growth and phage mortality rates; the lower the rates, the greater the effect. Our analysis also suggests that either bacteria in the environmental reservoir are hyperinfectious or most victims ingest bacteria amplified in food or drinking water contaminated by environmental water carrying few viable V. cholerae. Our theoretical results make a number of empirically testable predictions.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=16537404 PubMed] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1450226 PMC1450226]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600166103 10.1073/pnas.0600166103]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Bacteriophages/physiology; Cholera/epidemiology; Cholera/prevention &amp;amp; control; Disease Outbreaks/prevention &amp;amp; control; Humans; Infection Control/methods; Models, Biological; Vibrio cholerae/virology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_footer&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
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|}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitLinks}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16537404&amp;diff=1491262</id>
		<title>PMID:16537404</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:16537404&amp;diff=1491262"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;PMID on Demand placeholder&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:15986542&amp;diff=1491261</id>
		<title>PMID:15986542</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:15986542&amp;diff=1491261"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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{|   id=&amp;quot;V53a6448293402&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Parfitt, T&#039;&#039;&#039; Georgia: an unlikely stronghold for bacteriophage therapy. &#039;&#039;Lancet&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;365&#039;&#039;&#039;:2166-7&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
No abstract in PubMed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=15986542 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66759-1 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66759-1]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Bacterial Infections; Bacteriophages; Biological Therapy/history; Georgia (Republic); History, 20th Century; Humans&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_footer&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_editLink plainlinks&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[{{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}?title=Special:TableEdit&amp;amp;id=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183606.V53a6448293402&amp;amp;page=183606&amp;amp;pagename={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&amp;amp;type=1&amp;amp;template=PMID_info_table edit table]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ||&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
==Significance {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}} ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
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== Useful Materials and Methods {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}}==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:15986542&amp;diff=1491260</id>
		<title>PMID:15986542</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:15986542&amp;diff=1491260"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:22334863&amp;diff=1491259</id>
		<title>PMID:22334863</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:22334863&amp;diff=1491259"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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* &lt;br /&gt;
*   ** PLEASE DON&#039;T EDIT THIS TABLE DIRECTLY.  Use the edit table link under the table. ** &lt;br /&gt;
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****************************************************************************************** --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{|   id=&amp;quot;M53a6447066e25&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Abedon, ST, Kuhl, SJ, Blasdel, BG and Kutter, EM&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2011) Phage treatment of human infections. &#039;&#039;Bacteriophage&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;1&#039;&#039;&#039;:66-85&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Phages as bactericidal agents have been employed for 90 years as a means of treating bacterial infections in humans as well as other species, a process known as phage therapy. In this review we explore both the early historical and more modern use of phages to treat human infections. We discuss in particular the little-reviewed French early work, along with the Polish, US, Georgian and Russian historical experiences. We also cover other, more modern examples of phage therapy of humans as differentiated in terms of disease. In addition, we provide discussions of phage safety, other aspects of phage therapy pharmacology, and the idea of phage use as probiotics.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=22334863 PubMed] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278644 PMC3278644]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/bact.1.2.15845 10.4161/bact.1.2.15845]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
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|- class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_footer&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
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|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--box uid=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183605.M53a6447066e25--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Significance {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}} ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Useful Materials and Methods {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}}==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:22334863&amp;diff=1491258</id>
		<title>PMID:22334863</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:22334863&amp;diff=1491258"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;PMID on Demand placeholder&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:24604865&amp;diff=1491257</id>
		<title>PMID:24604865</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:24604865&amp;diff=1491257"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
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* &lt;br /&gt;
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{|   id=&amp;quot;U53a6446f46eed&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Gong, C, Liu, X and Jiang, X&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2014) Application of bacteriophages specific to hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria in raw poultry by-products. &#039;&#039;Poult. Sci.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;93&#039;&#039;&#039;:702-10&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria (SPB) can spoil raw animal materials and release harmful hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas. The objective of this study was to apply a SPB-specific bacteriophage cocktail to control H2S production by SPB in different raw poultry by-products in the laboratory (20, 30, and 37°C) and greenhouse (average temperature 29 to 31°C, humidity 34.8 to 59.8%, and light intensity 604.8 Wm(2)) by simulating transportation and a rendering facility. The amount of H2S production was determined using either test strips impregnated with lead acetate or a H2S monitor. In the laboratory, phage treatment applied to fresh chicken meat inoculated with SPB, spoiled chicken meat, chicken guts, and chicken feathers reduced H2S production by approximately 25 to 69% at temperatures from 20 to 37°C. In the greenhouse, phage treatment achieved approximately a 30 to 85% reduction of H2S yield in chicken offal and feathers. Among all phage treatments, multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 exhibited the highest inhibitory activities against SPB on H2S production. Several factors such as initial SPB level, temperature, and MOI affect lytic activities of bacteriophages. Our study demonstrated that the phage cocktail is effective to reduce the production of H2S by SPB significantly in raw animal materials. This biological control method can control SPB in raw poultry by-products at ambient temperatures, leading to a safer working environment and high quality product with less nutrient degradation for the rendering industry.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=24604865 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03520 10.3382/ps.2013-03520]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
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|&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_editLink plainlinks&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[{{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}?title=Special:TableEdit&amp;amp;id=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183604.U53a6446f46eed&amp;amp;page=183604&amp;amp;pagename={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&amp;amp;type=1&amp;amp;template=PMID_info_table edit table]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ||&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Significance {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}} ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:24604865&amp;diff=1491256</id>
		<title>PMID:24604865</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:24604865&amp;diff=1491256"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: New PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:11450854&amp;diff=1491255</id>
		<title>PMID:11450854</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:11450854&amp;diff=1491255"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
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{|   id=&amp;quot;C53a6445a1017d&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rasmussen, MA and Casey, TA&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2001) Environmental and food safety aspects of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in cattle. &#039;&#039;Crit. Rev. Microbiol.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;27&#039;&#039;&#039;:57-73&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
The presence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle illustrates the complex, interrelated nature of the environment, livestock production practices, food safety, and the science of microbiology, particularly microbial ecology. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, including E. coli O157:H7, can cause severe human diseases that can be debilitating and life threatening. Cattle are currently considered to be the definitive source for E. coli O157:H7 in the food supply, but this view may be simplistic and incomplete. E. coli O157:H7, appears widespread among U.S. cattle herds, while individual animal prevalence is low and transient. Most individual animals appear to be a transient reservoir for E. coli O157:H7 although the issue of carrier animals still remains unresolved. Epidemiological studies of the cattle production system have not clearly identified risk factors or management practices that affect E. coli O157:H7 prevalence in cattle feces. The problem of E. coli O157:H7 increases during the summer and fall months, but the environmental factors that contribute to this increase are poorly understood. Possible environmental factors that may influence E. coli O157:H7 shedding in cattle include livestock feed and waste handling practices as well as insects and microbial interactions in soil and water. Studies of E. coli O157:H7 ecology in cattle and the environment have been limited, but they suggest that a consideration of other independent, environmental sources of this microbe seems appropriate. The natural ecology of cholera may serve as a useful environmental model for pursuing additional environmental research on the occurrence and transmission of E. coli O157:H7 in nature.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=11450854 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20014091096701 10.1080/20014091096701]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/microbiology; Disease Reservoirs; Ecosystem; Environmental Microbiology; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary; Escherichia coli O157/pathogenicity; Eukaryota/microbiology; Food Microbiology; Humans; Safety; United States; Virulence&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_footer&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_editLink plainlinks&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[{{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}?title=Special:TableEdit&amp;amp;id=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183603.C53a6445a1017d&amp;amp;page=183603&amp;amp;pagename={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&amp;amp;type=1&amp;amp;template=PMID_info_table edit table]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ||&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--box uid=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183603.C53a6445a1017d--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Significance {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}} ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Useful Materials and Methods {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}}==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19120914&amp;diff=1491254</id>
		<title>PMID:19120914</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19120914&amp;diff=1491254"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:02Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;G53a64459d46be&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;García, P, Martínez, B, Obeso, JM and Rodríguez, A&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2008) Bacteriophages and their application in food safety. &#039;&#039;Lett. Appl. Microbiol.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;47&#039;&#039;&#039;:479-85&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
In recent years it has become widely recognized that bacteriophages have several potential applications in the food industry. They have been proposed as alternatives to antibiotics in animal health, as biopreservatives in food and as tools for detecting pathogenic bacteria throughout the food chain. Bacteriophages are viruses that only infect and lyse bacterial cells. Consequently, they display two unique features relevant in and suitable for food safety. Namely, their safe use as they are harmless to mammalian cells and their high host specificity that allows proper starter performance in fermented products and keeps the natural microbiota undisturbed. However, the recent approval of bacteriophages as food additives has opened the discussion about &#039;edible viruses&#039;. In this review, we examine the promising uses of phages for the control of foodborne pathogens and the drawbacks on which more research is needed to further exploit these biological entities.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=19120914 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02458.x 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02458.x]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Animals; Bacteria/virology; Bacteriophages/physiology; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Humans&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:11450854&amp;diff=1491253</id>
		<title>PMID:11450854</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:11450854&amp;diff=1491253"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:02Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19120914&amp;diff=1491252</id>
		<title>PMID:19120914</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:19120914&amp;diff=1491252"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:50:01Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:21192848&amp;diff=1491251</id>
		<title>PMID:21192848</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:21192848&amp;diff=1491251"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:49:39Z</updated>

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{|   id=&amp;quot;S53a64442a6d75&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Scallan, E, Hoekstra, RM, Angulo, FJ, Tauxe, RV, Widdowson, MA, Roy, SL, Jones, JL and Griffin, PM&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2011) Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--major pathogens. &#039;&#039;Emerging Infect. Dis.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;17&#039;&#039;&#039;:7-15&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Estimates of foodborne illness can be used to direct food safety policy and interventions. We used data from active and passive surveillance and other sources to estimate that each year 31 major pathogens acquired in the United States caused 9.4 million episodes of foodborne illness (90% credible interval [CrI] 6.6-12.7 million), 55,961 hospitalizations (90% CrI 39,534-75,741), and 1,351 deaths (90% CrI 712-2,268). Most (58%) illnesses were caused by norovirus, followed by nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. (11%), Clostridium perfringens (10%), and Campylobacter spp. (9%). Leading causes of hospitalization were nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. (35%), norovirus (26%), Campylobacter spp. (15%), and Toxoplasma gondii (8%). Leading causes of death were nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. (28%), T. gondii (24%), Listeria monocytogenes (19%), and norovirus (11%). These estimates cannot be compared with prior (1999) estimates to assess trends because different methods were used. Additional data and more refined methods can improve future estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Links&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=21192848 PubMed] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3375761 PMC3375761]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1701.091101p1 10.3201/eid1701.091101p1]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Campylobacter; Clostridium perfringens; Food Microbiology; Food Safety; Foodborne Diseases/epidemiology; Foodborne Diseases/microbiology; Foodborne Diseases/parasitology; Foodborne Diseases/virology; Hospitalization/statistics &amp;amp; numerical data; Humans; Norovirus; Population Surveillance/methods; Salmonella; Toxoplasma; United States/epidemiology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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|&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;tableEdit_editLink plainlinks&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[{{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}?title=Special:TableEdit&amp;amp;id=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.183601.S53a64442a6d75&amp;amp;page=183601&amp;amp;pagename={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&amp;amp;type=1&amp;amp;template=PMID_info_table edit table]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ||&lt;br /&gt;
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==Significance {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}} ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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{{LitMaterials}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:21192848&amp;diff=1491250</id>
		<title>PMID:21192848</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:21192848&amp;diff=1491250"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:49:38Z</updated>

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	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23735218&amp;diff=1491249</id>
		<title>PMID:23735218</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23735218&amp;diff=1491249"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:49:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;91.109.19.34: Fill PMID: Page!&lt;/p&gt;
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{|   id=&amp;quot;Z53a6444218fc9&amp;quot;  class=&amp;quot; tableEdit PMID_info_table&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
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!align=left  |Citation&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Spricigo, DA, Bardina, C, Cortés, P and Llagostera, M&#039;&#039;&#039;  (2013) Use of a bacteriophage cocktail to control Salmonella in food and the food industry. &#039;&#039;Int. J. Food Microbiol.&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;165&#039;&#039;&#039;:169-74&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
The use of lytic bacteriophages for the biocontrol of food-borne pathogens in food and in the food industry is gaining increasing acceptance. In this study, the effectiveness of a bacteriophage cocktail composed of three different lytic bacteriophages (UAB_Phi 20, UAB_Phi78, and UAB_Phi87) was determined in four different food matrices (pig skin, chicken breasts, fresh eggs, and packaged lettuce) experimentally contaminated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. A significant bacterial reduction (&amp;gt;4 and 2 log/cm(2) for S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively; p≤0.005) was obtained in pig skin sprayed with the bacteriophage cocktail and then incubated at 33 °C for 6h. Significant decreases in the concentration of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were also measured in chicken breasts dipped for 5 min in a solution containing the bacteriophage cocktail and then refrigerated at 4 °C for 7 days (2.2 and 0.9 log10 cfu/g, respectively; p≤0.0001) as well as in lettuce similarly treated for 60 min at room temperature (3.9 and 2.2 log10 cfu/g, respectively; p≤0.005). However, only a minor reduction of the bacterial concentration (0.9 log10 cfu/cm(2) of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium; p≤0.005) was achieved in fresh eggs sprayed with the bacteriophage cocktail and then incubated at 25 °C for 2 h. These results show the potential effectiveness of this bacteriophage cocktail as a biocontrol agent of Salmonella in several food matrices under conditions similar to those used in their production.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
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||&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;amp;db=pubmed&amp;amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;list_uids=23735218 PubMed]&lt;br /&gt;
Online version:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.009 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.009]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!align=left  |Keywords&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
Animals; Bacteriophages/physiology; Eggs/microbiology; Eggs/virology; Food Microbiology; Food-Processing Industry/methods; Lettuce/microbiology; Lettuce/virology; Meat/microbiology; Meat/virology; Salmonella enteritidis/physiology; Salmonella enteritidis/virology; Salmonella typhimurium/physiology; Salmonella typhimurium/virology; Swine&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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==Significance {{HelpIcon|Help:Literature}} ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{LitSignificance}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{RefHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>91.109.19.34</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23735218&amp;diff=1491248</id>
		<title>PMID:23735218</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ecoliwiki.org/colipedia/index.php?title=PMID:23735218&amp;diff=1491248"/>
		<updated>2014-06-22T02:49:38Z</updated>

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